Chapter 6: Sleep

________ is maintained by systems in the upper brainstem and hypothalamus.

________: the most common sleep disorder where individuals have trouble falling asleep.

________ fire as rapidly during REM sleep as during waking movement.

________: loss of muscle tone similar to what happens in REM sleep but occurs when the individual is still awake.

________ (EEG): the measurement of electrical activity in different parts of the brain and the recording of such activity as a visual trace (on paper or on an oscilloscope screen)

The ________ responds to longer wake periods by increasing the urge to sleep.

________: a lateral part of brain stem that has norepinephrine producing neurons that mediate arousal along with orexin.

The ________ also receives input from the retina.

Sleeping drugs do not help because they suppress ________ sleep and arent effective in keeping people asleep.

________ comes from the cyclically active REM sleep generator neurons in the brainstem.

The clock can be reset by light so it is linked to the ________ cycle.

________: intermittent jerks of the legs or arms that occur as individual enters slow wave sleep and cause arousal from sleep.

________: individuals tend to enter REM sleep very quickly and enter dreaming state while partially awake.

________ (VLPO) nucleus: area in the brain that causes suppression of arousal systems.

________ from neurons cause the excitation of the forebrain.

________ is caused by the loss of nerve cells in the lateral hypothalamus that contain orexin or hypocretin.

________ in the hypothalamus use orexin and some contain histamine.

In ________, there is an internally activated brain and EEG but the external input is suppressed.

________ is made of several different stages that are accompanied by daily rhythms in hormones, body temperature, etc.

________ are one of the least recognized sources of disease, disability, and death.

________ (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep: sleep characterized by the random rapid movement of the eyes when derams also occur.

________: a very important sleep promotor.

The ________ is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

It expresses ________ that go through a biochemical cycle of approximately 24 hrs.

The paralysis of muscle.

________: airway muscles relax and close airway causing difficulty breathing.

Increased ________ slow down cellular activity and diminish arousal.

________: an excitatory signal to arousal system especially norepinephrine neurons.

________ starts in the basal forebrain and spreads to the rest of the cortex.

________: a small group of cells in the hypothalamus serving as the master clock.

________: mechanisms controlling transitions into sleep (particularly REM sleep) dont work.

Occurs when muscles fail to become paralyzed during REM sleep.

________: Monitoring the time of day /night.

Dreaming occurs only in ________.

The measurement of electrical activity in different parts of the brain and the recording of such activity as a visual trace (on paper or on an oscilloscope screen)

Sleep where the eyes do not rapidly move

Sleep is characterized by the random rapid movement of the eyes when dreams also occur

slow-wave sleep time decreases & REM time increases

up to 18 hrs

6-7 hrs

The most common sleep disorder where individuals have trouble falling asleep

A condition where the airway muscles relax and close the airway causing difficulty breathing.

Intermittent jerks of the legs or arms that occur as the individual enters slow wave sleep and cause arousal from sleep.

A disorder where mechanisms controlling transitions into sleep (particularly REM sleep) don't work

Individuals tend to enter REM sleep very quickly and enter a dreaming state while partially awake.

The loss of muscle tone similar to what happens in REM sleep but occurs when the individual is still awake.

An area in the brain that causes the suppression of arousal systems.

A body system monitoring the time of day or night.

A body system monitoring how long the person is awake.

A small group of cells in the hypothalamus serving as the master clock.

An excitatory signal to the arousal system, especially for norepinephrine neurons.

A lateral part of the brain stem that has norepinephrine-producing neurons that mediate arousal along with orexin.

A very important sleep promoting molecule.