Ecology Exam 3 Big Review

Products of single fertilization

individuals are physiologically independent.

group of same species in area

groups of species in an area

All Abiotic + Biotic factors in an environmentand the communities

Multiple ecosystems in an area

• Mark Repcapture

• Quadrant Sampling

• Abundance Index

Absolute Population size

• Short lives

• Many offspring

• little care for offspring

• Exponential Growth

• Unpredictable environment

• Long lives

• Few offspring

• Cares for offspring

• Slow growth

• Stable, predictable environment

• Resources limited

• insufficient time to disperse

• physical barriers

• Presence of competitors or predators

ability to reproduce

Actual number of offspring

• Fecundity: High fecundity means an organism can produce many offspring.

• Fertility: High fertility means an organism produces a large number of viable offspring.

• Survival: High survival means an organism is able to avoid death and reproduce.

• Narrow niche

• Specific set of resources

• easily effected by change

• advantageous when conditions are constant

• Broad niche

• Variety of resources

• High tolerance

• Advantage in changing conditions.

generalists.

specialists.

• Adapt

• Migrate

• Acclimatize

• Die

The range of environmental conditions in which a species can potentially exist.

area species actually occupies due to interactions with other species and environmental factors.

• Changes in behavior or physiology

• short-term and reversible

• occurs at individual level

• Changes in genetics

• Long term, permanent genetic response

• Occurs at population level

evapotranspiration

controlled by specialized guard cells

rely on internal heat generation

• Can remain active in subfreezing environments

rely on external heat generation

• die off in the cold

the range of climate conditions in which a species can thrive and reproduce.

• Deeper roots

• Water storage

• smaller leaves

• waxy leaves

• Behavioral changes

• Kidneys

• Morphological changes ( fur loss and scales)

• Hibernation and dormancy

Relative abundance of a species

number of species present in a given area

• Primary Productivity

• Keystone species

• Environmental Complexity

Total sugar(Glucose) produced by autotrophs

GPP-respiration

The more higher trophic levels can be supported

Only 10% of energy is passed from trophic levels to trophic level

• Have disproportionate impact on the ecosystem

• Ecosystem Engineers (in the case of Beevers)

• Significantly modify the ecosystem

Loss of individuals at one trophic level is felt at other levels

• Complex interactions

• Hard to identify Role

• Not all species are keystone

Temperature, pH, salinity

• Environmental heterogeneity

• Disturbances preventing better species from taking over

Continued Evolution is needed just to maintain a species’ fitness

• Comes as a result of co-evolved defense and attack strategies

Forced relationship (Like a parasite and Host)

An optional relationship

• O

• A

• B

• C

decaying organic matter

mineral soil mixed with organic matter

Mineral soil

Unweathered geologic material

1. Sand 2.0-.02mm

2. Silt .02- .002mm

3. Clay <.002mm

• Formed from minerals in A layer

C: fixed from atmospheric Photosynthesis

N: Fixed from atmosphere via chemosynthesis of Bacteria

P: Weathered from rocks by abiotic and biotic forces

N & P

• determines N availability to autographs

• Carbon Chemistry is key

Lignin

N2 → Useful form

NH3 and NH4^+ are converted to No3^- in aerobic conditions

No3^- → N2 in anoxic

Soluble P combines with other thing to form insoluble components

Obligotrophic

Mesotrophic

Eutrophic

• Poor nutrients

• Low primary productivity

• Intermediate Nutrients

• Intermediate Productivity

• Nutrient Rich

• High primary productivity

• shift between lake stages

• Occurs naturally over time

discrete event in time that disrupts and changes resources, substrate availability or the physical environment. Loss of Biological material

Relatively Homonologeneous area defined by some criteria

disturbance risk can increase with time since disturbance

regulated by regional factors

regulated by site specific factors

• Occurs in areas that were previously devoid of life.

• Starts with the colonization of pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses.

• The soil is typically poor in nutrients.

• The process is slow, taking hundreds or even thousands of years.

• Occurs in areas that were previously occupied by a community.

• Starts with the recolonization of species that were present in the original community.

• The soil typically has some nutrients.

• The process is faster than primary succession, taking decades or even centuries.

Lichen → mosses → grasses → trees

Leads to lower nitrogen levels.

causes patches

• Most abundant and influential species in an ecosystem.

• Play a major role in shaping the structure and function of the ecosystem.

Less abundant than type 1 species, but still play an important role in the ecosystem.

• Least abundant species in an ecosystem.

• Often play a specialized role.

20-.02mm

.02 - .002mm

<.002mm

isotonic

Hypo

Hyper