psych test

guides everyday activities such as waking up, breathing, thinking, reading, etc

relays info between the brain + the rest of the body

receives, processes, and responds to sensory info

• consists of the brain and spinal cord

  • the brain controls how we think, learn, move, and feel

  • the spinal cord carries messages back and forth in between the brain & the nerves that run throughout the body

• controls muscles

• works with the autonomic nervous system to coordinate body’s internal reactions

• controls internal organs

• works with the somatic nervous system to coordinate body’s internal reactions

• known to respond to dangerous or stressful situations

• part of the ANS

• quiets/relaxes body after dangerous situations, conserves energy

• transmits info between the brain and peripheral nervous system

• controls thoughts, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, and hunger

• activates by sensory input from the environment

• transmits cells in nervous system from brain to muscles

• aka, the soma

• part of the neuron that receives info from the dendrites

• look like tree roots

• neuron filters that receive incoming messages

• the fiber that carries information away from the cell body

• the myelin sheath is an insulation layer that is formed around nerves which include in the brain + in the spinal cord

• these charge electrical impulses

• consist of chemical messages (in the form of neurotransmitters)

• the ability of the brain to form and reorganize synaptic connections, especially in response to learning or experience or following injury

• without neuroplasticity, we would not be able to do things that make us human

  • for instance, learning, developing, and forming memories

• pea sized “globe” hanging from the base of the brain

  • master gland of the endocrine system that controls the actions of all other glands

    • regulates growth. if too little, growth hormone is released by the pituitary gland during childhood, person may remain smaller than average

• was once considered useless

• gland in the brain that helps regulate body rhythms + sleep

  • oxytocin is a hormone released by the pituitary gland that plays a broad role in regulating pregnancy, parenthood, sexual activity, social bonding, trust, and even reducing stress reactions

• located in the neck, regulates metabolism

  • rate at which energy is produced + expanded

• located under the back of the rib cage atop kidneys

  • adrenal medulla (inner core of adrenal glands) is the source of epinephrine + norepinephrine

• electrical impulses from the brain are detected and sent to an electroence photograph, amplifying weak signals

• during the procedure, electrodes w/ small metal discs are put onto the scalp to detect electrical charges from brain cell activity

CT scans provide clearer images than x-rays, using computer-enhanced x-ray images on the brain or body

a high resolution imaging that captures brain activity by attaching radioactive particles to glucose molecules

these employ magnets which produce strong magnetic fields that force protons in the body to match up w/field.

• they produce 3D images of the brain/body

this uses MRI tech to record activity levels in various areas of the brain, detecting changes associated w/ blood flow

these disrupt the way one’s brain works, causing a wide range of symptoms.

• disruption, weakness, and confusion.

• happens because of injuries or medical conditions

it can treat mental disorders

• these therapies activate/inhibit the brain w/electricity

• electricity is provided through electrodes that are implanted in the brain, or indirectly through electrodes on the scalp

excitatory neurotransmitter

• participates in movement, autonomic function, learning + memory

excitatory neurotransmitter

• participates in motivation, reward, planning of behavior

inhibitory neurotransmitter

• participates in mood, appetite, + sleep

inhibitory neurotransmitter

• participates in arousal, vigilance, + mood

inhibitory neurotransmitter

• major inhibitory effect in the central nervous system, participates in learning + memory

excitatory neurotransmitter

• major excitatory effect in the CNS, participates in learning + memory

excitatory neurotransmitter

• inhibit transmission of pain signals, responding to pain / stress

those that prompt one neuron to share information with the next through an action potential

something that prevents the generation of an electrical signal called an “action potential” in the receiving neuron 

the absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that it has secreted

the nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment

carry sensory information and regulate motor activity

these transmit spinal cord impulses to skeletal/smooth muscles, directly controlling all of our muscle movements

cells that provide chemical/physical support to neurons, maintaining their environments

a system made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood stream

hormones are found in the blood stream and impact internal activity + visible behaviors such as puberty, personality, dwarfism, jet lag, etc. hormones are found in the synaptic cleft

neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that the body cannot function without. neurotransmitters flow through the brain

• the frontal areas of the brain, including the frontal lobes, are damaged (also impacts hippocampus)

• some people experience persistent systems such as memory and concentration issues, mood swings, personality changes, etc

• symptoms can last for several weeks to months

• strokes impact the brain stem, cerebellum, limbic system, and cerebrum

• aneurysms occur anywhere in the brain, and most form in the major arteries along base of school

the temporal lobes are the areas of the bran that commonly give rise to seizures

• the middle of both temporal lobes are the source to seizures/prone to damage & scarring

• Brain damage takes place in the substantia nigra (SN)

  • the SN is the area that controls movement

• Parkinson’s leads to uncontrollable movements (shaking, stiffness, balance issues)

• men are more likely to get Parkinson’s than women

headaches, stiff neck, sensitive to light, mental confusion, and seizures. impacts the temporal lobes

impacts the brain and spinal cord. inflammation of protective membranes which cover the brain and spinal cord

impacts the brain/spinal cord (CNS). autoimmune disease, immune cells attack nerve cells, inflames the myelin sheath. damage causes neurological symptoms- loss of balance, vision, muscle weakness

impacts the hypothalamus + interconnected brain stem areas. mechanisms activate specific nerves that impact muscles + blood vessels. nerves send pain signals to brain, causing the headache

a radical surgical procedure where the diseased half of the brain is completely removed, partially removed and fully disconnected or just disconnected from the normal hemisphere.

located behind the forehead, responsible for voluntary movement

located in frontal lobe, generates signals to direct the movement of the body

located in frontal cortex, plans process of speech by interacting with the temporal cortex

near back/top of head, receives and processes sensory input

located in the parietal lobe, processes and makes sense out of info gathered with the 5 senses

located behind the ears, interprets sound from ears ad recognizes and uses language

located in the temporal lobe, processes auditory information

located in the superior temporal gyrus and

aids with comprehension

located in the back of the skull, visuospatial processing, distance + depth, perception, color determination, face/object recognition, memory formation

located in the occipital lobe, receives, segment + integrates visual info

located in the cerebrum, ensures both sides of the brain communicate + send signals to each other

located in the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, helps regulate emotions and pain

located in the ventral forebrain, neural interface between motivation + action

located in the temporal lobe, long term memory formation + memory retrieval

located in the medial temporal lobe, regulates autonomic + endocrine functions

located in the undersurface of the brain, manages body temp, hunger + thirst, mood, blood pressure, sex drive, and sleep

located in the base of the brain, growth + sexual reproduction

located in the midline of the brain, receives info about the state of light-dark cycle from the environment

located in the near center of the brain, processes info from the body’s senses- its like a relay station

located in the brain hemispheres, is responsible for motor control and other roles— motor learning, executive functions, and behaviors + functions

located behind the spinal cord + brain connection. responsible for muscle control, balance + movement

located deep within the brain stem, primary regulator of arousal and consciousness

located in the brain stem, above the medulla. handles unconsciousness processes + jobs like sleep-wake cycles + breathing

located in the bottom of the brain, controls vital processes like heartbeat, breathing, + blood pressure

runs through the highest neck bone (1 vertebra to L1 vertebra), carries nerve signals from brain to body + vice versa