Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction

________ are cancers arising in muscle or connective tissue, particularly in bone or cartilage.

________ is a gradual process that requires the accumulation of multiple mutations over time.

A(n) ________ is the primary microtubule organizing center of a cell.

________ are active in the removal of the nuclear membrane and the condensation of the chromosomes early in prophase.

________ kills cancer cells that have spread throughout the body by damaging their DNA or interfering with DNA synthesis.

________ is a major factor in the development of many skin cancers, including the most dangerous type, melanoma.

________ can detect the presence of specific alleles in many of the genes mentioned.

________ is the phase following DNA synthesis.

________ is usually followed by cytokinesis, which is the division of the cytoplasm.

________ uses the patient's own immune system cells to target cancer cells for destruction.

________ on tissues at a distance and can signal cells to divide, such as estrogen- stimulating cells lining the uterus to divide in preparation for implantation.

________ was later discovered to be associated with some forms of breast cancer.

________ is important for maintaining homeostasis in the body.

________ continues throughout a person's life, helping to grow new tissues and repair damaged ones.

________ is a form of asexual reproduction, which means that the new cells are identical to the original parent cell.

________ are caps at the end of chromosomes that protect them from unraveling.

________ is often the first line of treatment for solid tumors, especially when detected early.

________ and vaccines are being developed to act specifically on cancer cells and prime the immune system to identify and destroy them.

The contractile ring continues to separate the cytoplasm until there are two ________ cells.

During mitosis, a(n) ________ forms and separates the sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome.

________ are cancers of the epithelial tissue lining organs.

________ is organized into nucleosomes, which are bead- like structures consisting of DNA wrapped around a core of eight histone proteins.

________ stands for "growth "because the cell is metabolically active during these phases.

A(n) ________ is used to pull the chromatids apart.

________ and cells lining the cavities of the lungs, liver, uterus, and kidneys can divide when stimulated.

________ begin life as a single cell, but through cellular reproduction, they grow into an organism consisting of trillions of cells in less than 10 months.

________ play an important role in cell division, by helping to move the chromosomes around the cell.

________ directs high- energy beams at the tumor to kill cancer cells within a specific area.

________ are cancers of the blood.

________ code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis.

During apoptosis, cells go through a(n) ________ that lead to their death.

________ and BRCA2 are genes associated with breast cancer.

________ are arranged in a zigzag fashion, and then they are folded into loops for further compaction.

________ is seen much more frequently in cancer cells than in normal cells.

________ occurs in the middle of interphase.

________ can disrupt genes that regulate the cell cycle, which can lead to uncontrolled cell growth.

A(n) ________ called the contractile ring forms a circular constriction between two daughter cells.

________ first appears as a white mass in the retina.

________ prevents cells from overgrowing within the body and halts the cell cycle.

The process of copying DNA is called ____.

____ is the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes.

____ are proteins that help to package DNA into chromosomes.

____ are the basic units of chromatin.

____ are two identical copies of a chromosome that are created during DNA replication.

The ____ is the region of a chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together.

The ____ is the series of events that take place in a cell as it grows and divides.

The ____ is a structure that helps to segregate the chromosomes during cell division.

The ____ is a structure that contains the centrioles, which are involved in the formation of the spindle.

The ____ is a structure that forms between the two daughter cells during cell division.

____ are points in the cell cycle where the cell checks to make sure that the DNA has been replicated correctly before it proceeds to the next stage.