UNIT 2- INTERACTION AMONG BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT (copy)

The residents of a congressional district or state.

the legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or Senate

An action taken by Congress to reverse a presidential veto, requiring a two-thirds majority in each chamber.

A temporary legislative committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose.

A meeting of the members of a party in a legislative chamber to select party leaders and to develop party policy. Called a conference by the Republicans.

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area

the leader of the majority party who serves as the presiding officer of the House of Representatives

A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate.

A provision attached to a bill - to which it may or may not be related - in order to secure its passage or defeat.

Powers given to the national government alone

Petition that, if signed by majority of the House of Representatives' members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration.

A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue.

The principle of a two-house legislature.

Those citizens who follow public affairs carefully.

A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator temporarily blocks the consideration of the bill or nomination.

Special spending projects that are set aside on behalf of individual members of Congress for their constituents.

a legislator supports a proposal favored by another in return for support of his or hers

Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president

An officeholder who is seeking reelection.

A legislator who acts according to her or his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society.

an order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor

An elected office that is predictably won by one party or the other, so the success of that party's candidate is almost taken for granted.

A person appointed or elected to represent others

An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

Committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form.

a senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking

The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.

A legislative practice that assigns the chair of the committee or subcommittee to the member of the majority party with the longest continuous service on the committee.

The principal leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate.

the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census

A committee composed of members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate; such committees oversee the Library of Congress and conduct investigations.

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

an agreement between the president and the leader of another country

The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.

The president's annual statement to Congress and the nation.

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

(n.) an authoritative command, formal order, authorization; (v.) to issue such an order

A rising public approval of the president that follows a crisis as Americans "rally 'round the flag" and the chief executive.

the person who oversees the operations of all White House staff and controls access to the president

An office that prepares the president's budget and also advises presidents on proposals from departments and agencies and helps review their proposed regulations.

The cluster of presidential staff agencies that help the president carry out his responsibilities. Currently the office includes the Office of Management and Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, and several other units.

The first several months of a presidency, when reporters are more forgiving than usual, Congress is more inclined to be cooperative, and the public is more receptive to new approaches.

Passed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office.

The authority vested in the president to fill a government office or position.

Personnel who run the White House and advise the President. Includes the Chief of Staff and Press Secretary

A group of advisers to the president.

occasional written comments attached to a bill signed by the president

Formal orders issued by the president to direct action by the federal bureaucracy.

creates the Supreme Court but allows Congress to establish lower courts.

Constitution requires congress to confirm presidential appointees to high government posts.

a court's calendar, showing the schedule of cases it is to hear

A method whereby a poor person can have his or her case heard in federal court without charge

A formal writ used to bring a case before the Supreme Court.

an example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action

A court with appellate jurisdiction that hears appeals from the decisions of lower courts.

The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts

A presidential appointee and the third-ranking office in the Department of Justice. The solicitor general is in charge of the appellate court litigation of the federal government.

an individual or group being sued or charged with a crime

A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.

Lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated.

issues capable of being settled as a matter of law

A statement written by a justice who disagrees with the majority opinion, presenting his or her opinion

A judicial philosophy in which judges play minimal policymaking roles, leaving that duty strictly to the legislatures

An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)

A Latin term meaning "friend of the court." Refers to interested groups or individuals, not directly involved in a suit, who may file legal briefs or oral arguments in support of one side.

The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. These are the courts that determine the facts about a case.

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning.

Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases

Established judicial review

written by Alexander Hamilton; talks about the federal judiciary; judiciary must depend on other two branches to uphold its decisions

The formal instructions that government issues for implementing laws.

a program that provides benefits for those who qualify under the law, regardless of income

An official document, published every weekday, which lists the new and proposed regulations of executive departments and regulatory agencies.

a statement of relation between concepts

The process of putting a law into practice through bureaucratic rules or spending.

A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics.

An office that prepares the president's budget and also advises presidents on proposals from departments and agencies and helps review their proposed regulations.

The office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government, using elaborate rules in the process.

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

A system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create a nonpartisan government service.

An elite cadre of about 9,000 federal government managers at the top of the civil service system.

a business owned and operated by the federal government

A government entity that is independent of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

A government agency or commission with regulatory power whose independence is protected by Congress.

Power used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations and budgets of executive departments and independent regulatory agencies, conduct investigations through committee hearings, and bring to the public's attention the need for public policy

Constitutional power given to Congress to raise and spend money

the power of an executive agency to issue regulations that carry the force of law

The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws.

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

A six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974. The federal Election Commission administers and enforces campaign finance laws.

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

Provides advice and funding for schools

Manages the nations highways, railroads, airlines, and sea traffic

US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism

A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials

A career government employee.

hiring people into government jobs on the basis of their qualifications