AP Biology Unit 3- Cellular Energetics Vocab

macromolecules that catalyze (speed up) reactions by lowering the activation energy

the substance that is acted upon by an enzyme

a substrate that is bound into the enzyme

an area for substrate to bind to in the enzyme

the amount of energy that is needed for a reaction to occur

a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected

a measure of the acidity of a solution

destroy the characteristic properties of a protein by heat, acidity, or other effects that change its shape

molecule that organisms use as a source of energy to perform work

energy associated with motion

stored energy

used to determine the likelihood of reactions in organisms, or if the reactions are energetically favorable

reactions that release energy ΔG＜0 reaction is spontaneous

reactions that absorb energy ΔG>0 Reaction is not spontaneous

Pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds

the measure of disorder in the universe

the ability to do work

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy can be transferred or transformed

Energy transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

Plants that have their stomata collect and fix carbon to be delivered to the bundle sheath cells and used in photosynthesis.

Electron carrier molecule that is used in photosynthesis

pores in leaves that allow CO2 in and O2 out

aqueous internal fluid of the chloroplast

form stacks known as grana

green pigment in thylakoid membranes

reaction involving complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

loss of e-

molecules that are able to absorb visible light

the conversion of light energy to chemical energy

particles of energy that make up light

gain of e-

Organisms unable to make their own food so they live off of other organisms

cyclic electron flow that produces G3P

Converts solar energy to chemical energy

organelle for the location of photosynthesis

protein complexes found in the thylakoid membrane that contain chlorophyll to collect energy from the sun

the cells that make up the interior tissue of the leaf

On very hot days plants close their stomata to stop water loss

a 3 carbon sugar that is produced during photosynthesis and can be turned into glucose

Open stomata at night and close during the day then carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic acids and stored in vacuoles

Cells harvest chemical energy stored in organic molecules and use it to generate ATP

Electron acceptor molecule that is used in cellular respiration. Used in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle

Electron acceptor molecule that is used in cellular respiration. Used in Krebs Cycle

-Starting point of cellular respiration -Occurs in the cytosol -Splits glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvates (3C)

If oxygen is present, the pyruvate enters the mitochondria (eukaryotic cells) where it is oxidized into acetyl-coA

-Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix -Turns acetyl CoA into citrate -Releases CO2 -ATP synthesized -Electrons transferred to NADH and FADH2

H+ ions flow down their gradient through ATP synthase and produce ATP molecules

Protein imbedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that uses the power from chemiosmosis to produce ATP

generates ATP using an ETC in the absence of oxygen -The final electron acceptors: sulfates or nitrates

generates ATP without an ETC or oxygen. It is an extension of glycolysis.

Organisms that produce their own food (organic molecules) from simple substances in their surroundings