Unit 3- Europe and Russia

King of England from 1485 to 1509. He was the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty and played a significant role in the history of England.

the Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn.

the monarchs of the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon in the late 15th century. They are most famous for their role in the unification of Spain and for sponsoring Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas.

a prominent figure in 17th-century France. He is best known for serving as the Chief Minister to King Louis XIII from 1624 until his death in 1642.

reigned as the King of France from 1643 to 1715. He is one of the most prominent monarchs in French history and is often associated with the absolute monarchy and the height of the Bourbon dynasty's power.

a Russian tsar who reigned from 1682 to 1725. He is known for his significant role in the transformation of Russia into a modern and European-style state.

issued in 1598 by King Henry IV of France, was a significant historical document that granted religious freedoms and rights to the Protestant Huguenots in France. Its primary purpose was to put an end to the religious conflicts and wars, particularly the French Wars of Religion, that had plagued France for decades.

a protracted and devastating conflict that took place in Europe from 1618 to 1648. It was primarily fought within the Holy Roman Empire, which encompassed parts of present-day Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, and other Central European territories.

a political and religious doctrine that asserts a monarch's legitimacy and absolute authority to rule is granted directly by God or a higher power.

a historic royal palace located in the city of Versailles, France, just outside of Paris. It is renowned for its opulent architecture, extensive gardens, and significant role in French history.

members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France during the 16th and 17th centuries.

a significant religious and historical movement that began in the early 16th century, primarily in Europe.

a German theologian, professor, and religious reformer who played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation, a movement that sought to reform and challenge certain practices and doctrines within the Roman Catholic Church.

a list of 95 propositions or arguments that were written by Martin Luther, a German theologian and professor of theology, in 1517. These theses were nailed to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany.

a concept in Catholic theology and doctrine that involve the remission of the temporal punishment for sins that have already been forgiven.

a French theologian and religious reformer who played a significant role in the Protestant Reformation during the 16th century. He is best known for his theological system known as Calvinism and for his influential work "Institutes of the Christian Religion."

a theological concept found in various religious traditions, including Christianity and Islam, that generally refers to the belief that the ultimate fate or destiny of individuals or events is determined in advance by a divine power or force, such as God.

a group of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from what they saw as the remnants of Roman Catholicism. They were part of the broader religious and political movement known as the English Reformation.

a Christian denomination that originated in England during the 16th century. It is part of the wider Anglican Communion, which includes other national and regional churches that are in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury as their spiritual leader.

the movement within the Roman Catholic Church during the 16th and 17th centuries in response to the Protestant Reformation.

to a series of institutions and judicial processes established by the Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages, particularly during the 13th century, to combat heresy and enforce religious orthodoxy within the Christian faith.

a religious order of the Catholic Church. They were founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish priest, and are known for their commitment to education, missionary work, and service.

a German inventor, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe with his mechanical movable-type printing press.

a branch of Christianity that originated in the 16th century as a result of the Protestant Reformation, a movement led by reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others.

a philosophical and intellectual movement that emphasizes the intrinsic value and dignity of human beings.

an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church held between 1545 and 1563. Its primary purpose was to address and respond to the theological and doctrinal challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation, which had led to significant divisions within the Catholic Churc

the act of forgiving or pardoning someone for their sins, wrongdoing, or mistakes, particularly in a religious or moral context. It is often associated with the granting of forgiveness and the cleansing of guilt or sin, typically by a religious authority figure or as part of a religious ritual, such as confession and repentance in many Christian traditions.

one of the major branches of Christianity. It encompasses a group of autocephalous (self-governing) and autonomous Christian churches that are primarily based in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Africa.

a historic and iconic Russian Orthodox church located in Red Square in Moscow, Russia. It is known for its distinctive and colorful onion-shaped domes, which make it one of the most recognizable symbols of Russia.

It is the second-largest city in the country and is situated on the eastern tip of the Gulf of Finland, on the Baltic Sea.

a historic palace located in St. Petersburg, Russia. It is renowned for its magnificent architecture and served as the official residence of the Russian monarchs from the early 18th century until the Russian Revolution of 1917.

the process by which societies, cultures, or regions adopt or incorporate elements of Western culture, values, customs, technology, and practices.

a cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in 19th-century Russia. It is characterized by a strong appreciation and promotion of Slavic culture, traditions, and identity.

a title historically used for the autocratic monarchs or rulers of Russia.

a prominent Russian ruler who reigned as the Grand Prince of Moscow and later as the first Tsar of Russia. He lived from 1440 to 1505 and played a crucial role in the consolidation and expansion of the Moscow principality, which eventually laid the foundation for the Russian state.

a historic fortified complex located in Moscow, Russia. It is often used metonymically to refer to the government of the Russian Federation

the first Tsar of Russia who ruled from 1547 to 1584. His reign was characterized by significant political centralization and territorial expansion but was also marked by brutal repression and autocratic rule, earning him the epithet

a vast geographical region located in northern Asia, primarily within the territory of Russia.

a group of predominantly East Slavic-speaking people historically associated with the vast, borderland regions of Eastern Europe, particularly Ukraine, Russia, and parts of Poland.

a period of political and social turmoil in Russia that occurred in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It began in 1598 with the death of Tsar Fyodor I, the last of the Rurik dynasty, and lasted until 1613 when Michael Romanov was elected as the new tsar, establishing the Romanov dynasty.

the ruling imperial dynasty of Russia from 1613 to 1917

a powerful and influential Russian empress who ruled from 1762 until her death in 1796. She is known for her efforts to modernize and Westernize Russia, her expansion of the Russian Empire, and her patronage of the arts and culture.

a major uprising in the Russian Empire during the late 18th century. It was led by Yemelyan Pugachev, a Cossack who claimed to be the deceased Emperor Peter III of Russia and rallied various disaffected groups, including peasants, Cossacks, and disgruntled nobles, against the oppressive rule of Catherine the Great.

a social class in Russia and some other East Slavic countries during the medieval and early modern periods.

are legally bound to the land they work on and are effectively considered the property of the landowner, often a noble or a landlord.

a violent and coordinated attack, often carried out by a mob or a government authority, targeting a particular ethnic, religious, or social group, with the intent to harm, intimidate, or persecute its members.

the first Russian tsar from the House of Romanov. He ruled as Tsar of Russia from 1613 to 1645.His reign marked the end of the Time of Troubles, a period of political turmoil and foreign intervention in Russia, and the beginning of the Romanov dynasty's rule, which lasted until 1917.

a series of events in the late 18th century when the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was divided and annexed by neighboring powers.