Tags & Description
sparse bundles of smooth m fibers that lie in deep layers of mucosa
mucosal muscle
outer layers of intestinal wall
serosa + smooth m layers (longitudinal and circular)
how does syncytial smooth muscle contract
syncytial interconnections among fibers - cells joined by many gap jxns (free flowing action potentials)
longitudinal vs circular muscle layers of gi tract
long - bundles extend down tract circ - extend around gut
Smooth muscle cells contain a large amount of a regulatory protein called _____________ which works by
calmodulin
initiates contraction by activating the myosin cross-bridge
role of calcium in calmodulin
influx Ca+ - binds w/ calmodulin - complex joins myosin light chain kinase - phosphorylated -> contraction
what must happen for smooth m to relax
Ca+ ions removed from intracell by pump (by ATP + myosin phosphatase enzyme)
where does enteric nervous system lie
in gut wall
Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus
1 of 2 enteric nervous system plexuses - bw muscle layers, controls GI movements
Submucosal (Meissner's) Plexus
1 of 2 enteric nervous system plexuses in submucosa, controls GI secretion + blood flow
sensory n endings from GI send afferents to
enteric nervous system, prevertebral ganglia of symp, spinal cord and vagus n (to brainstem)
effects when myenteric plexus stimulated
increased tone, contractions, peristalsis
inhibitory actions of myenteric plexus
inhibition of sphincter ms (no food movement)
submucosal plexus controls what part of gi tract
inner wall of intestines
parasymp stimulation increases activity of
enteric nervous system (-> glandular secretion)
parasymp supply to gut is divided into
cranial and sacral divisions
cranial parasymp fibers of gut are almost all in ____________ while sacral parasymp fibers pass thru _______-
vagus nerves (beginning to first half of intestines) pelvic nerves (distal half of intestines down)
sigmoidal, rectal and anal regions are better supplied with which n fibers
parasympathetic
symp fibers to GI tract originate bw
T5 - L2
symp n endings secrete ___________
norepinephrine
norepinephrine secreted by symp nerves have an inhibitory effect to all except to
mucosal muscle
gut mucosa irritation, excess distention and chemicals in gut can stimulate
afferent sensory n fibers
reflexes that control secretions, movements and inhibitory effects are which reflexes?
reflexes integrated entirely within gut wall enteric nervous system
gastrocolic, entergastric and colonoileal reflexes are what reflexes?
reflexes from gut to prevertebral symp ganglia -> GIT
reflexes of the vagus n, inhibitory from pain and of defecation are what reflexes?
reflexes from gut to spinal cord -> GIT
endocrine vs paracrine secretions of hormonal GIT control
endocrine - peptidic (gastrin) paracrine - regulatory peptides (histamine)
functions of gastrin
increase acid production + trophic effect of mucosa + motor fxn of stomach + pyloric pump
products of protein digestion, stomach distentionn and vagal stimulation initiate what to secrete?
gastrin
how do somatostatin (D) cells inhibit gastrin secretion
low ph of gastric contents
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by ______ cells in ________
I cells mucosa of duodenum + jejunum
how does CKK digest fats
contracts gallbladder to eject bile, secretes pancreatic enzymes + HCO3-, inhibits gastric emptying
secretin is secreted by secretin cells of ________ in response to :
duodenum H+ + fatty acids in SI
secretin function
secretes HCO3- to neutralize acids for fat digestion, inhibits gastrin
___________ produces most of the actions of secretin and is the only GI hormone that is secreted in response to all nutrients
GIP
GIP is secreted by _______ + function:
K cells of duodenum + jejunum mucosa stimulates insulin secretion, inhibits gastrin
____________ has the only fxn of increasing gi motility by interdigestive myoelectric complexes
motilin
where is motilin secreted
stomach + duodenum
which hormones are released directly by neural stimulation
gastrin and motilin
CCK is stimulated by
fatty acids
2 types of movements in GIT
propulsive (forward peristalsis) + mixing (contents mixed)
peristaltic waves don't occur in the absence of
myenteric plexus
receptive relaxation of peristalsis
relaxation a bit before anus
muscles of chewing are innervated by and controlled by
5th cranial n, brainstem
digestive enzmes acts only on
surfaces of food particles
Swallowing is divided into three phases
voluntary phase
pharyngeal phase (epithelial swallowing receptors)
esophageal phase (peristalsis)
most sensitive areas of mouth for swallowing
pharyngeal opening (tonsillar pillars)
__________ impulses are transmitted thru trigeminal and glossopharyngeal n -> medulla oblongata
swallowing
________ stage of swallowing involves primary and secondary (distention) peristalsis
esophageal
secondary peristalsis of esophageal stage of swallowing are initiated by 2 mechanisms
intrinsic neural circuits of myenteric nervous system + pharyngeal reflexes (vagal afferents)
achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax
how is reflux prevented
contraction of lower esophageal sphincter + intraabd p
chyme
Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.
stomach is divided into
orad (first 2/3) + caudad
vagovagal reflex when food stretches stomach
reduces muscular wall tone
retropulsion
The pyloric end of the stomach acts as a pump that delivers small amounts of chyme into the duodenum, simultaneously forcing most of its contained material backward into the stomach.
stomach emptying
migrating myoelectric complexes that cause contractions during fasting by motilin
pyloric pumping
when peristaltic wave reaches pylorus, tiny bit of chyme squeezes into small intestine
presence of breakdown products of chyme cause what effect
enterogastric inhibitory reflexes (inhibited stomach emptying)
which hormones slow stomach emptying
CCK, secretin, GIP
movements of _________ are influenced by chyme in order to increase absorption + lymph flow
muscularis mucosae and m fibers of villi
proximal vs distal halves of colon functions
absorption storage
Haustrations (mixing movements) in the large intestine
circular m + teniae coli contract -> large intestine bulges out
mass movement of colon
type of peristalsis w/ constrictive ring in response to distention/irritation -> contraction as a unit (stool moves down)
internal vs external anal sphincters
int - circular smooth m ext - striated m, controlled by pudendal n (concscious)
to be effective in defecation, the intrinsic myenteric defecation reflex must be helped by
parasymp defecation reflex (sacral n of spinal cord)
Peritoneointestinal reflex
results from irritation of peritoneum and causes intestinal paralysis
renointestinal + vesicointestinal reflexes inhibit
intestinal activity
types of alimentary tract glands
single-cell mucous glands (mucous or goblet cells)
pits (crypts of Lieberkuhn in SI)
tubular glands (stomach + duo)
complex glands (salivary, pancreas, liver)
tactile stimulus, chemical irritation and wall distention activate which system
enteric n system
symp stimulation effect on secretion
reduces (vasoconstriction)
_______________ are polypeptides that regulate secretions
GI hormones
2 major protein secretions in saliva
serous secretion - ptyalin for starches mucus secretion - mucin for lubrication
parotid glands secrete only _____________ secretion while submandibular+lingual glands secrete serous and mucus, but buccal glands secrete only _____________-
serous mucus
saliva has high amounts of
potassium + bicarb
primary secretion of saliva
Produces plasma-like isotonic saliva by acinar cells
secondary secretion of saliva
excretory and striated duct cells resorb Na+ and Cl-, creating hypotonic and alkaline saliva
in absence of salivation what can happen to the mouth
ulceration and infection, cavities
thiocyanate ions and proteolytic enzymes (lysozyme) are
factors in saliva that destroy bacteria
salivatory nuclei (at medulla x pons) are excited by
taste and tactile stimuli
how does parasymp (slightly symp too) n signals increase salivatory gland nutrition
increases saliva -> saliva dilates vessels (bradykinin)
agonists that release Ca+2 increase ___________ and those elevating cAMP lead to greater secretion of __________
acinar cell secretion enzyme + mucus
esophageal secretion is entirely _________ and is lined by
mucus simple mucous glands
stomach mucosa has 2 types of tubular glands
oxyntic (gastric, Hcl, pepsinogen, mucus) pyloric (secrete mucus + gastrin)
3 types of cells in the oxyntic glands
mucous neck cells (mucus) peptic chief cells (pepsinogen) parietal oxyntic cells (HCl and IF)
At the same time that HCl is secreted, bicarbonate ions diffuse into the blood so that gastric venous blood has ________ than arterial blood when the stomach is secreting acid.
higher ph
main driving force for HCl secretion by parietal cells is
H+-K+ ATPase pump
When does pepsinogen become pepsin?
in the presence of HCl
pyloric glands secrete
mucus (mucous neck cells of oxyntic gland) and gastrin
Ach by parasymp stimulation excites ___________ while gastrin and histamine stimulate __________
pepsinogen (peptic cells), HCl acid (parietal cells) + mucus (mucous cells)
HCl acid (parietal cells)
The parietal cells acitvity is directly related with another type of cell called ____________, the primary function of which is to secrete histamine.
enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells) of oxyntic glands
ECL cells are stimulated to secrete histamine by
gastrin
Stimulation of pepsinogen secretion by the peptic cells in the oxyntic glands occurs in response to two main types of signals:
Ach (vagus n)
stomach acid by enteric n reflexes
Gastric secretion occurs in three "phases":
cephalic (neurogenic vagus signals before + during eating)
gastric (vagovagal, enteric reflexes and gastrin)
intestinal (gastric juices from food in intestines)
when are gastric secretions inhibited
presence of food in SI -> reverse enterogastric reflex
presence breakdown products, fluids -> secretin, GIP, VIP, somatostatin released
interdigestive period secretes what
nonoxyntic mucous
pancreatic secretions into duodenum are made of
HCO3- (neutralizes acid from stomach) + enzymes for digestion
pancreatic digestive enzymes for each types of food
pancreatic amylase for carbs
pancreatic lipase, chol esterase + phospholipase for fat
trypsin + chymotrypsin for proteins
difference bw trypsin and chymotrypsin + carboxypeptidase (pancreatic digestive enzymes)
trypsin splits proteins into peptides, while carboxypolypeptidase splits peptides into amino acids (completed digestion)
When do the pancreatic enzymes become active?
once they are secreted into intestine
Although the enzymes of the pancreatic juice are secreted entirely by the acini of the pancreatic glands, the other two important components of pancreatic juice, bicarbonate ions and water, are secreted mainly by
the epithelial cells of the ductules and ducts that lead from the acini