CHAPTER 22: CHEMISTRY OF THE NONMETALS 

________- is a general term applied to a group of fibrous silicate minerals.

________ are formed by boron and silicon.

________ hypochlorite- the active ingredient in many liquid bleaches.

It is not radioactive, and it is often given the ________ in chemical formulas.

________ is a nonmetal; silicon and germanium are metalloids; tin and lead are metals.

________- a clear, hard solid in which the carbon atoms form an sp^3 hybridized covalent network.

________- a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a mass approximately three times that of the common protium isotope.

At ________, dioxygen is a colorless and odorless gas.

________- are formed by the alkali metals and by the heavier alkaline earths (Ca, Sr, and Ba)

________ is also used in water treatment to oxidize and thereby destroy bacteria.

________ is used together with acetylene in oxyacetylene welding.

________- makes up 0.0156 % of naturally occurring hydrogen.

________- is the principal mineral in limestone and the main constituent of marble, chalk, pearls, coral reefs, and the shells of marine animals such as clams and oysters.

It occurs in ________ and in an enormous variety of silicate minerals.

________- lack of iodine in the diet results in an enlarged thyroid gland.

About half of the chlorine is used to manufacture chlorine- containing ________, such as the vinyl chloride used in making PVC plastics.

When ________ is ignited in air, a vigorous reaction occurs, forming H2O.

It can be prepared in the laboratory by ________ nitric acid, using copper or iron as a reducing agent.

________ is the only group 3A element that can be considered nonmetallic.

________- are formed by nonmetals and metalloids, are either gases or liquids under standard conditions.

________- a soft, black, slippery solid that has a metallic luster and conducts electricity; it consists of parallel sheets of sp^2 hybridized carbon atoms held together by dispersion forces.

________- an element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced.

________ is also used to manufacture methanol via the catalytic reaction of CO and H2 at high pressure and temperature.

They are used commercially in a wide variety of products, including lubricants, car ________, sealants, and gaskets.

________ dioxide- a yellow- brown gas.

________- also known as laughing gas because a person becomes giddy after inhaling a small amount.

________- a polymeric fluorocarbon noted for its high thermal stability and lack of chemical reactivity.

________- formed when wood is heated strongly in the absence of air.

________ Refining- can help further purify the element.

It is a(n) ________ of the upper atmosphere, where it screens out ultraviolet radiation and so protects us from the effects of these high- energy rays.

________- compounds containing O- O bonds and oxygen in the- 1 oxidation state.

________ used as a coolant to conduct experiments at very low temperatures.

________- a colorless, toxic gas that has a characteristic irritating odor; one of the most important compounds of nitrogen.

________ contain a belt or drum coated with a film of selenium.

________ is only slightly soluble in water (0.04 g /L, or 0.001 M at 25 °C), but its presence in water is essential to marine life.

It is a(n) ________ in living organisms, compounds of nitrogen are not abundant in Earths crust.

________ is sometimes used to treat drinking water.

Combustion of hydrogen- oxygen mixtures is used in liquid- fuel rocket engines such as those of the ________.

________ is also used as a protective atmosphere to prevent oxidation in welding and certain high- temperature metallurgical processes.

It is also used to bleach ________ and paper.

________ is commonly used as KI in table salt.

________ is marketed as a chemical reagent in aqueous solutions of up to about 30 % by mass.

________ is yellow, tasteless, and nearly odorless.

________ is a gray metalliclooking solid that melts at 1410 °C.

________- are formed when hydrogen reacts with transition metals.

When applied to a(n) ________, the oxygen atoms form hydrogen bonds with the molecules on the surface of the ________.

________ are formed by many transition metals.

________ is used in photoelectric cells and light meters because its electrical conductivity increases greatly upon exposure to light.

________ oxide- also a colorless gas but, unlike N2O, it is slightly toxic.

means "water producer,"; named by Antoine Lavoisier

the most common isotope of hydrogen, has a nucleus consisting of a single proton, which makes up 99.9844% of naturally occurring hydrogen

makes up 0.0156% of naturally occurring hydrogen

a process of replacing protium with deuterium, which can also have a profound effect on reaction rates, a phenomenon called a kinetic-isotope effect

a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a mass approximately three times that of the common protium isotope

are formed by the alkali metals and by the heavier alkaline earths (Ca, Sr, and Ba)

are formed when hydrogen reacts with transition metals

are formed by nonmetals and metalloids, are either gases or liquids under standard conditions

very stable carbon-fluorine compounds used as refrigerants, lubricants, and plastics

a polymeric fluorocarbon noted for its high thermal stability and lack of chemical reactivity

the active ingredient in many liquid bleaches

lack of iodine in the diet results in an enlarged thyroid gland

oxides that form acids when they react with water

ionic oxides that dissolve in water form hydroxides

compounds containing O-O bonds and oxygen in the -1 oxidation state

a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula O−

an element is simultaneously oxidized and reduced

another important hydride of nitrogen

also known as laughing gas because a person becomes giddy after inhaling a small amount

also a colorless gas but, unlike N2O, it is slightly toxic

a yellow-brown gas

Life as we know it is based on carbon compounds

a soft, black, slippery solid that has a metallic luster and conducts electricity; it consists of parallel sheets of sp^2 hybridized carbon atoms held together by dispersion forces

used as a pigment in black inks; large amounts are also used in making automobile tires

formed when wood is heated strongly in the absence of air

a clear, hard solid in which the carbon atoms form an sp^3 hybridized covalent network

is formed when carbon or hydrocarbons are burned in a limited supply of oxygen

is produced when carbon-containing substances are burned in excess oxygen

is a weak diprotic acid

Calcite, Magnesite, Dolomite & Siderite

is the principal mineral in limestone and the main constituent of marble, chalk, pearls, coral reefs, and the shells of marine animals such as clams and oysters

can help further purify the element

Silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygens and silicon is found in its most common oxidation state, +4

is a general term applied to a group of fibrous silicate minerals

boron and hydrogen form a series of anions

the only important oxide of boron

boron forms a variety of compounds with hydrogen