Chapter 8: Photosynthesis

________ (ADP) is similar to ATP but has only two phosphate groups instead of three

________ takes place inside organelles called chloroplasts.

During the ________, ATP and NADPH are used to make high- energy sugars.

The liquid-filled space around the thylakoids in chloroplasts

________: Light shining on pigments energizes electrons that come from water.

________ gather the suns energy with light- absorbing molecules called pigments.

________ is one factor that can affect the rate of photosynthesis, as photosynthesis enzymes work best between 0°C and 35°C.

________ use molecules to carry high- energy electrons from chlorophyll to other places.

The ________ carries the electrons to other parts of the cell, where the electrons and their energy can be used to help build useful molecules, such as sugars.

________ also helps proteins in muscles to slide closer together, a motion that makes muscles flex.

In the dark, ________ is used to make acids.

The ability to do work

The ________ are the key to why ATP can store and release energy.

________ also affect the rate of photosynthesis.

When a cell has ________, it can store small amounts of it by adding a phosphate group to ADP molecules, which turns ADP into ATP.

________: High- energy electrons move down the chain, which pumps H+ ions to the inside of the thylakoid.

The ________ is named after the American scientist Melvin Calvin.

The ________ take place in the thylakoids of chloroplasts, where they hold groups of chlorophyll and proteins known as photosystems that take in sunlight and use it to add energy to electrons; these electrons are passed to a set of carriers in the thylakoid membrane.

________ have a special chemical pathway that gets carbon into the Calvin cycle even when there is not much carbon dioxide available.

The process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce ________ carbohydrates- sugars and starches- that can be used as food is known as photosynthesis.

________ comes from the chemical compounds that we call food, though different living things get their food from different sources.

A cell can add or subtract these ________ whenever it needs to store or use energy.

________: The reenergized electrons are transferred to NADP+, to make NADPH.

One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy

Cells can give off the energy stored in ________ by breaking the chemical bonds between the second and third phosphate groups.

________ powers active transport by providing the energy needed to move material into and out of many cells.

light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions

Light shining on pigments energizes electrons that come from water

High-energy electrons move down the chain, which pumps H+ ions to the inside of the thylakoid

Electrons are reenergized with more light

The reenergized electrons are transferred to NADP+, to make NADPH

Excess H+ ions spill out through ATP synthase; the protein rotates as each ion passes through, which changes ADP to ATP

Carbon dioxide combines with molecules from the cycle that have five carbon atoms; molecules with three carbon atoms result

Energy from ATP and NADPH energizes the 3-carbon-atom molecules

Some of these molecules leave the cycle to make sugars and other compounds

Energy from ATP changes the rest of the 3-carbon-atom molecules back into 5-carbon-atom molecules

The 5-carbon-atom molecules can go through the cycle again

A living thing that gets food by consuming, or eating, other living things

A living thing that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals to make its own food

The process by which plants and other autotrophs use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

A baglike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts

One of the molecules that accepts high-energy electrons from chlorophyll and carries them to other molecules during photosynthesis

A reaction of photosynthesis that uses ATP, NADPH, and carbon dioxide to make high-energy sugars

A reaction of photosynthesis that uses light energy to make ATP and NADPH

The light-collecting units of the chloroplast

A series of proteins in which high-energy electrons are used to change ADP to ATP

The energy stored in chemical bonds

Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called _______

The most important pigment in plants is _______, which absorbs blue-violet light and red light best, though it does not absorb green light very well

Photosynthesis takes place inside organelles called _______

Stacks of thylakoids

Another name for light-independent reactions