Unit 3: Chapter 7

Act that established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court having the final say. (p. 216)

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, officially ratified by 1791. The amendments safeguarded fundamen- tal personal rights, including freedom of speech and religion, and mandated legal procedures, such as trial by jury. (p. 216)

Alexander Hamilton’s 1790 report recommending that the federal government should assume all state debts and fund the national debt — that is, offer interest on it rather than repaying it — at full value. Hamilton’s goal was to make the new country creditworthy, not debt-free. (p. 216)

A bank chartered in 1790 and jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. Alexander Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stabil- ity to the specie-starved American economy by making loans to merchants, handling government funds, and issuing bills of credit. (p. 218)

A proposal by treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal government to urge the expansion of American manufacturing while impos- ing tariffs on foreign imports. (p. 218)

A proclamation issued by President George Washington in 1793, allowing U.S. citizens to trade with all belligerents in the war between France and Great Britain. (p. 219)

A 1789 revolution in France that was initially welcomed by most Americans because it abolished feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy, but eventually came to seem too radical to many. (p. 219)

A political faction in the French Revolution. Many Amer- icans embraced the democratic ideology of the radical Jacobins and, like them, formed political clubs and began to address one another as “citizen.” (p. 219)

A 1794 uprising by farmers in western Penn- sylvania in response to enforcement of an unpopular excise tax on whiskey. (p. 219)

A 1795 treaty between the United States and Britain, negotiated by John Jay. The treaty accepted Britain’s right to stop neutral ships. In return, it allowed Americans to submit claims for illegal seizures and required the British to remove their troops and Indian agents from the Northwest Territory. (p. 222)

The 1791 conflict involving diverse Haitian participants and armies from three European countries. At its end, Haiti became a free, independent nation in which former slaves were citizens. (p. 222)

A 1797 incident in which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. The incident led the United States into an undeclared war that cur- tailed American trade with the French West Indies. (p. 223)

Three laws passed in 1798 that limited individual rights and threatened the fledgling party system. The Naturalization Act lengthened the residency requirement for citizenship, the Alien Act authorized the depor- tation of foreigners, and the Sedition Act prohibited the publica- tion of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress. (p. 224)

Resolutions of 1798 condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts that were submitted to the federal government by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures. The resolutions tested the idea that state legislatures could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them. (p. 225)

A 1795 treaty between the United States and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American negotiators acknowl- edged Indian ownership of the land, and, in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio to the United States. (p. 226)

A Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in finding that parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were in conflict with the Constitution. For the first time, the Supreme Court assumed legal authority to overrule acts of other branches of the government. (p. 231)

The 1803 purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States and opened the way for future American expan- sion west. The purchase required President Thomas Jefferson to exercise powers not explicitly granted to him by the Constitu- tion. (p. 233)

An act of Congress that prohibited U.S. ships from traveling to foreign ports and effectively banned overseas trade in an attempt to deter Britain from halting U.S. ships at sea. The embargo caused grave hardships for Americans engaged in overseas commerce. (p. 234)

An attack on Shawnee Indians at Prophets- town on the Tippecanoe River in 1811 by American forces headed by William Henry Harrison, Indiana’s territorial gover- nor. The governor’s troops traded heavy casualties with the con- federacy’s warriors and then destroyed the holy village. (p. 236)

The treaty signed on Christmas Eve 1814 that ended the War of 1812. It retained the prewar borders of the United States. (p. 241)

A Supreme Court case that asserted the dominance of national over state statutes. (p. 241)

An 1819 treaty in which John Quincy Adams persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to the United States. In return, the American government accepted Spain’s claim to Texas and agreed to a compromise on the western boundary for the state of Louisiana. (p. 243)

The 1823 declaration by President James Monroe that the Western Hemisphere was closed to any further colonization or interference by European powers. In exchange, Monroe pledged that the United States would not become involved in European struggles. (p. 244)