Chapter 16 - Toward a New Worldview - Vocab, People, Ideas

Natural Philosophy

The study of nature, purpose and how the universe was formed (Science)

Copernican Hypothesis

Heliocentric solar system, Earth rotates and not stars, Universe is massive, excluded heaven in Solar System. Explained in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres'; Helped proved when Galileo found moons on Jupiter

Law of Inertia

Discovered by Galileo

Law of Universal Gravitation

Objects are attracted to each other based on their mass; Discovered by Newton

Empiricism

Invented by Bacon; earliest method of experimental method, solving problems using inductive reasoning.

Cartesian Duelism

Discovered by Descartes; World consisted of mind and matter

Enlightenment

Intellectual and cultural movement; 1690-1700s'; Growth of 3 major ideas, Scientific method, Reason/Rationalism and the possibility of Progress

Rationalism

Secular thought that everything should be proved by reason and not faith

Sensationalism

The idea that all human thoughts are produced by the 5 senses

Philosophes

French group of intellectuals that said they were finally bringing reason to work; Believed common people couldn’t use philisophe ideas

Deism

Belief that god created the world and watches what happens and doesn’t interfere

Salon

Regular social gatherings by wealthy people, scientists and philosophes

Rococo

Feminine art style, helped connect some females with enlightened thinkers in salons

Reading Revolution

Change from group readings of religious text, to individual reading of diverse topics; 20k more books; Art and sci. books increased

Enlightened Absolutism

Monarchs who used enlightened idea but kept absolute rule

Cameralism

Mon=Best; People should service the state and in return the state will use resources on people

Haskalah

Jewish Enlightenment; Major philosopher was Mendelssohn

Public sphere

Celebrates open debate between middle class usually in coffee shops

Race

Started classifying groups for the first time; popularized by David Hume and Immanual Kant

Pragmatic Sanction

Guaranteed Marie Tariesas succession of Silesia; Fredrick the Great broke

Jesuit Missionaries

Transported Chinese knowledge to west

Copernicus (early 1500s)

On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres; Prussia; Copernican Hypothesis which contradicted bible and got him killed

Paracelsus (early 1500s)

Began use of drugs to cure illness: Swedish

Vesalius (mid 1500s)

On the structure of the Human Body: Dissected dead people; inspired William Harvey’s Ideas

Brahe (late 1500s)

Observed the sky for many years and took notes on it because he couldn’t do math; Data complied in Rudolphine Tables; Funded by H.R.E Rudolph II

Bacon (late 1500s - early 1600s)

Empiricism; James I’s support; English; Main popularize of the experimental method

Galileo (early 1600s)

Law of Inertia; Advance used telescope to prove church wrong and prove Copernicus right; Used scientific method; proved church wrong; Italian

Kepler (late 1500s - early 1600s)

3 laws of planetary motion; planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles; planets move faster when closer to the sun; the time it take for a planet to orbit the sun is exactly related to its distance from the sun; The New Astronomy; Finished Brahe’s Rudolphine Tables; German

Harvey (early 1600s)

Discovered circulation of blood and explained that heart pumped blood to muscles; English

Descartes (mid 1600s)

Need to dought everything/Deductive Reasoning; Cartesian Dualism; French; Influenced France and Netherlands but not England

Boyle (mid to late 1600s)

Boyle’s Law; Irish

Newton (early 1700s)

Law of universal Gravitation; took 200+ years to fully understand theories; Religious; English; put pieces of other scientists together

Baruch Spinoza

Dutch, Jewish; believed that good and evil were shaped by outside circumstances and not free will; agreed with Descartes about deductive reasoning; god and nature were the same

John Locke

Essay Concerning Human Understanding; Second Treatise of Civil Government - Believed every person had the natural right which included life, liberty, and property which couldn’t be taken away by monarch; Life was influenced by outside factors like social and intellectual institutions

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

German philosopher; independently discovered calculus; believed that everything was made up of “monads” which was a infinite number of substances; Voltaire ridiculed him

Pierre Bayle

Huguenot and use of skepticism that nothing can exist beyond doubt; Published Dictionary

Montesquieu

The Persian Letters - made fun of European customs and beliefs; The Spirit of Laws - Believed that the government should have a separation of laws (legislative, Judicial and executive; liked England’s government and was inspired by it; French

Voltaire

Thought England was good because they allowed more freedom of religion while in France he disliked it because Catholicism was forced; Believed in freedom of speech; satire critic with 70+ novels/books; French; believed in Deism

David Hume

Central figure of Scottish enlightenment ; believed human mind was a bundle of sensory impressions; Believed whites were superior and used “scientific racism” which increased slavery; Skepticism - since god cannot be interpreted with our senses he can have legitimate articles of knowledge

Diderot

Put together thousands of works in The Encyclopedia which was one of the most popular books and influenced a lot however it got banned in many nations; Excluded women from encyclopedia; Popularized atheism with encyclopedia

J-J Rouseau

Social contract -The power to govern was a natural right in the hands of the Males with elected representatives that if they became corrupt could be removed (Popular sovereignty rather than divine right of kings")

Adam Smith

The Wealth of Nations - attacked mercantilism policies and believed that the economy should be ran by the people rather than the government

Popular Sovereignty

People Rule; opposite of Divine Right of Kings

Deism

God is like a clock maker that created the world but does nothing to effect or change it anymore; Went against christianity

Fredrick the Great’s Policies of Enlightened Absolutism

Religious Tolerance (however favored protestants when appointing government positions), Legal reforms like abolishing torcher, Bureaucracy reforms using cameralism

Catherine the greats goals

1. Westernize Russia with patronizing philosophes like Voltaire and printing encyclopedia in Russia

2. Legal reforms like removing tourcher

3. Expansion most notably the partion of Poland

Pugachev Rebellion

Pugachev named himself Tsar of Russia and abolished serfdom, then Catherine the Great used to her army to destroy Pugachevs serf army which lead to serfdom not being helped in Russia

Inductive

Observation, then conclusion.

Deductive

Start w/ idea/hypothesis then confirm or deny