BioDiversity Test 4 - I CANT

The current classification system used by biologists

has three domains; is updated and revised whenever new information becomes available; is used for all living organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, and protist)

Which of the following is the cause of the current extinction crisis?

Human activities that involve altering habitats, changes in sea levels, and changes in weather patterns on a global scale are causing mass extinctions.

Allopatric speciation occurs when

populations are geographically separated.

The Cretaceous extinction, which lead to the extinction of the dinosaurs, was most likely due to

an large asteroid hitting the earth.

Which of the 3 domains do animals belong to?

Domain Eukarya

The smallest or most specific level of biological classification is

species

_____________ is the loss of a species or taxonomic group from the planet.

Extinction

Areas of the planet that support the highest number of species are known as ___________. Examples include coral reefs and tropical rain forests.

biodiversity hotspots

Which of the following can lead to sympatric speciation?

habitat differentiation; sexual selection; polyploidy

According to the biological species concept, the western spotted skunk and the eastern spotted skunk are two distinct species. This means that the two species

they do not interbreed.

The ___________ is the most used method since it defines a species as being one that is reproductively isolated from other species. This model only works if a species reproduces sexually and is currently alive.

biological species concept

The __________separates species based on differences in physical traits, or morphology (morph- means "form"). This is useful for studying the fossil record where you can't determine reproductive isolation. It is difficult to apply to organisms that do not leave fossil records.

morphological species concept

The ____________ traces the evolutionary history of the organism and its relatedness to other species through its traits. In this model, the study of an organism's traits and location on the evolutionary tree is a better indication of whether it is a unique species that the biological species concept.

phylogenetic species concept

________ is the identification and naming of species.

Taxonomy

Species are identified by a two-part _____ name, such as Homo sapiens (humans) or Panthera orca (jaguar).

Latin

Scientists have attempted to ______ the total biodiversity on the planet.

estimate

One of those studies placed the total at around ____ million species, give or take ___ million. (This number does not include bacteria and viruses.)

8.7; 1.3

___________, refers to not only the total number of a species in an area, but also how many different species are found in that area.

Biodiversity

_________________ cover only 2.4% of the world's surface, but they account for over 50% of all plant and 42% of all animal species.

Biodiversity hotspots

An _______ is an individual of one species

organism

A ________ is a group of similar organisms that are reproductively compatible and capable of interbreeding and producing living offspring.

species

A _______ is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.

population

The biological species concept uses ______________ to designate separate species.

Reproductive isolation

___________ is the formation of new species

Speciation

_________ is when new species evolve rapidly after some event

Adaptive radiation

In the _________ model, small changes occur periodically in a population until reproductive isolation occurs. Charles Darwin was a supporter of the gradual pace of speciation.

gradualistic

____________________, periods of no change (equilibrium) are interrupted (punctuated) by events that promote rapid speciation.

punctuated equilibrium

When geographic separation leads to speciation it is known as _________ ________.

allopatric speciation

Speciation can also occur when individuals are not physically separated; Species may also become isolated by differences is preferred resources or different times of the year for mating.

sympatric speciation

Barriers that prevent a mating attempt between two species are known as __________________.

prezygotic isolating mechanisms

If the barrier occurs after mating and fertilization it is known as a ________________.

postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Which of the following is a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

Hybrid sterility

Speciation can occur...

rapidly; slowly; When species are geographically separated; When species are not geographically separated

The largest taxonomic group is a...

Domain

How many mass extinctions have occurred in Earth's history?

5

(True or False) Viruses are prokaryotic organisms

False

Which mode of prokaryote nutrition is similar to digestion in humans?

Chemoheterotroph

Which domains include prokaryotic organisms?

Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea

Which of the following describes eukaryotic cells?

they have a nucleus; they have organelles; they have larger than prokaryotic cells

Protist belong to..

Domain Eukarya

Animals are part of the supergroup...

Opisthokonts

A mutualistic relationship

Benefits both species

Which fungi phylum makes mushrooms?

Basidiomycota

Which of the following does NOT describe protist?

They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

The phylum Basidiomycota produces mushrooms where are the ___________ of the fungi.

Reproductive Structure

When plants evolved and moved onto land 500MYA which of the following would have been a challenge?

Gravity

The dominant generation in angiosperms is

Diploid (sporophyte)

Where does coal come from?

Dead plant material

Which group of plants evolved first?

Bryophytes

Fems have all of the following except

Seeds

During the age of the dinosaurs the main plant groups would have been...

Seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms

Fungi obtain nutrients through....

Absorption

In an experiment done with 2 species of cichlid fish, females were unable to recognize males of their own species under monochromatic light. This shows that females are choosing males based on color differences only. This is an example of...

Sexual selection

Sexual selection can lead to

The diversity of life is often portrayed as a tree to provide a simple visualization of evolutionary relationships

Tree of Life

Scientists refer to these trees as ________

phylogenetic trees

Currently, all organism fall into one of three domains..

Domain bacteria; Domain archaea; Domain eukaryotes

Doman bacteria and Domain archaea fall under the same category of...

Prokaryotes

The term ______ is used to refer to the loss of a species from the planet. The term also applies to any of the higher taxonomic groups.

extinction

In a _________, a large number of plant and animal species, from many different taxonomic categories, are lost in a relatively short period of time.

Mass extinctions

1st: Cretaceous-Tertiary: 80% Extinction Rate

Asteroid or comment impact; volcanic activity, climate change

2nd: Triassic: 75% Extinction Rate

Increases in greenhouse gases; rapid climate change

3rd: Permian: 95% Extinction Rate

Volcanic activity; increase in greenhouse gases, rapid climate change

4th: Devonian: 70% Extinction Rate

Asteroid impact; rapid climate change (global cooling)

5th: Ordovician: 85% Extinction Rate

Rapid climate change (global cooling); falling sea levels

______ refers to a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and internal membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryote

Prokaryotes are commonly called _______, there are prokaryotes that are not true bacteria

bacteria

Prokaryote reproduce asexually by a process known as ______ ______.

binary fission

This results of binary fission are __________.

two identical cells

Prokaryotic cells have evolved to have almost every form of metabolism and have the _________ from a variety of different means

ability to obtain nutrients and energy

Photoautotrophs

Cells that use solar energy to manufacture their own food.

Photoheterotrophs

Cells that use the sun for energy, but also use organic materials as the building blocks of their food.

Chemoautotrophs

Cells that use other energy sources, such as hydrogen gas, to obtain the energy to manufacture their own food.

Chemoheterotrophs

Cells that use the breakdown of organic material to supply energy and the materials needed to manufacture food.

______________ experiments supported the idea that conditions on early earth could have led to the creation of organic molecules necessary for early life.

Miller-Urey

The oldest prokaryotes fossils date back ________.

3.5 MYA

First prokaryotes were ______

anaerobic

_________ prokaryotes evolved later and added oxygen to the atmosphere.

Photosynthetic

Bacteria are the ____________________________.

oldest organisms on the planet

Bacteria are classified based on...

shape, metabolic abilities, and similarities in their DNA

________ are a unique form of prokaryotes that have adapted to life in environments that are often hostile to other organisms, such as geysers and hot springs (extremophiles)

Archaean

We currently know of ___________ of archaeans

three different types

Thermophiles

tolerate environments with extreme heat and sulfur content.

Methanogens

live in oxygen-free environments such as swamps and the intestinal tracks of livestock.

Halophiles

survive in high-salt habitats, such as the Dead Sea or Great Salt Lake.

All _______ are eukaryotes

protists

All protists posses

a nucleus containing DNA; membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and endomembrane system

Protists can be....

Single-celled; Form colonies; Multicellular structures (like algae)

Protists are single cells, or collections of cells, that __________ associated with other eukaryotic organisms

do not form the tissues

All protists can be ________ or _______ or _____

autotrophic; heterotrophic; both

First protists evolved from the prokaryotes toward the end of the _________ ______ about 800 million to 1 billion years ago

Precambrian period

Protists were placed into a single kingdom, called _______ ______, as single-celled eukaryotes.

Kingdom Protista

Divisions within the protists were typically assigned based on whether the organisms were.....

autotrophs; heterotrophs; saprophytic (feed on dead or decaying material).

Protist are now organized into ________

Supergroups

it is unlikely that all protist share a _________________.

common evolutionary history.

Some protists are more _______, others are more like fungi or animal-like

plant-like; animal-like

Examples of supergroup: Excavata are

euglenozoans

Examples of supergroup: Chromalveolata are

dinoflagellates, gold and brown algae, sporozoans

Examples of supergroup: Rhizaria are

foraminiferas

Examples of supergroup: Archaeplastida are

red and green algae, land plants