Microbiomes

________ and some other plants form partnerships with soil bacteria that provide fixed nitrogen.

________ use specific behaviors to transfer microbes needed to break down plant materials into food.

________ produced by the host act on particular microbes that serve as information hubs, transmitting information to the broader microbial community.

________ may attach themselves to algal cell walls by secreting mucilage to form a biofilm.

________: collections of information about all the types and abundances of molecules produced by metabolism of the organisms in a microbiome.

________ are important components of plant microbiomes because they absorb minerals from the soil and transport them to plant roots.

________: fungal hyphae coat tree- root surfaces and grow into the spaces between roots cells, but do not penetrate the cell membrane.

________: fungal hyphae penetrate space between root cell walls and plasma membrane, forming highly branched, bushy arbuscules that the plasma membranes expand around.

________: the genomes of all the organisms present in a sample.

________ and amplicon analysis indicate what genes are present in the microbiome.

________ also function as hosts, most conspicuously for microbiomes known as lichens.

________: millions of species of archaea, bacteria, protists, and fungi that play important ecological roles worldwide.

________ extend farther into soil than the plants roots.

Drinking ________ and agricultural production are affected by microbiomes.

________: typically focuses on amplification of a particular gene from a selected group of species.

________: major types of habitat characterized by distinctive life forms.

________: all the proteins produced by the members of a microbiome.

________ provides living space, oxygen, and organic materials.

Differences in ________ can be used to identify and classify the microbes present in a microbiome.

________: combination of host organism and its microbiome.

________: a particular assemblage of microbes and genes that occurs in a defined environment.

________ typically use genetic differences to distinguish and identify microbial species and genes present in a complex microbiome.

________ provide a photosynthetic host for a heterotrophic microbes.

16S rRNA sequences: commonly used to identify ________.

________: collection of all the mRNAs present in an environmental sample.

________ on teeth known as plaque are detrimental to dental health.

________ with nitrogen- fixing cyanobacterial partners can increase soil fertility.

Some microbiomes are found within ________.

________: The host and microbiome genomes together.

________: look for marker genes for enzymes essential for reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to form ammonia.

________ are known as AM fungi.

Bacteria in the ________ produce defensive molecules and are potential sources of antibiotics that control disease- causing microbes without harming the animal host.

________: manipulating the composition of a microbiome to improve host characteristics.

________: come from microbes whose names and metabolic functions are already known.

18S ________: used to identify and classify eukaryotic microbiome components.

________ get microbiomes from sibling worker bees.

________: some microbes produce specific compounds as a result of metabolic pathways.

________ acquire microbiomes from surrounding soil and air, but they also use inherited mechanisms, often secretion of particular organic compounds, to attract beneficial microbes.

All living things produce proteins using ________.

________ help tp break up the surfaces of rocks, beginning to process of soil formation.

The ________ is estimated to have a few million genes.

________ and environment are important for the types of microbiomes acquired by the host.

________ contain viruses, archaea, bacteria, fungi, protists, and microscopic animals.

________ shows that the microbiome bacteria synthesize vitamin B₁₂, which the cyanobacterial host requires but can not produce itself.

Gut ________ in termites allow recycling of plant biomass.

________ are frequently basidiomycetes.

________ often grow on rocks, buildings, tombstones, tree bark, soil, or other surfaces that easily become dry.

________ contribute many more genomes to the hologenome than their hosts.

________: can be used to assemble entire microbe genome sequences or even identify both prokaryotic and eukaryotic species in a microbiome.

Traditionally, ________ were regarding as symbiotic relationships between a fungus and a photosynthetic algal or cyanobacterial species.

millions of species of archaea, bacteria, protists, and fungi that play important ecological roles worldwide

major types of habitat characterized by distinctive life forms

a particular assemblage of microbes and genes that occurs in a defined environment

genomes that encode rRNA

copied rDNA regions

commonly used to identify prokaryotic species

used to identify and classify eukaryotic microbiome components

come from microbes whose names and metabolic functions are already known

the genomes of all the organisms present in a sample

can be used to assemble entire microbe genome sequences or even identify both prokaryotic and eukaryotic species in a microbiome

typically focuses on amplification of a particular gene from a selected group of species

look for marker genes for enzymes essential for reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to form ammonia

the enzyme methane monooxygenase (MMO) uses oxygen gas to oxidize the greenhouse gas methane

some microbes produce specific compounds as a result of metabolic pathways

collection of all the mRNAs present in an environmental sample

all the proteins produced by the members of a microbiome

collections of information about all the types and abundances of molecules produced by metabolism of the organisms in a microbiome

combination of host organism and its microbiome

The host and microbiome genomes together

access to photosynthetic products

fungal hyphae penetrate space between root cell walls and plasma membrane, forming highly branched, bushy arbuscules that the plasma membranes expand around

fungal hyphae coat tree-root surfaces and grow into the spaces between roots cells, but do not penetrate the cell membrane

manipulating the composition of a microbiome to improve host characteristics