Unit 6 psychology quiz

when around strangers, babies become anxious, and may cling to their parent or familiar caregiver

the period in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

their characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

a developmental psychologists who compiled extensive data sets on early childhood development in the 1960s & 1970s

can result in an epigenetic effect on the genes of the fetus, resulting in both physical and cognitive abnormalities that follow the child for the rest of their life.

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life

period of development and growth of the fetus/child from conception to birth.

an agent

such as a chemical or virus that can harm the embryo during embryonic development.

One of the most recent criticisms of American parenting—which is

characterized by a lack of exposure to risk, adversity, and over-protection

—comes from

Ainsworth documented an ‘attachment’ process that developed in children

(mostly to their mothers) in their first year of life;

first to emphasize the role of biology in development, thus linking the two topics at a time when biology was anathema in psychology

concepts or frameworks that organizes and interprets information.

asserted moral development took place in three basic levels of moral thinking:

the biological growth processes that enables orderly changes in behavior

the merger of DNA

from a single male sperm (1 out of about 200 million) and the female egg

in the ovary.

determined there were, roughly speaking,

three different parenting styles—all of which had different impacts on the development of the children into adulthood

analyzed the development of infant monkeys with surrogate mothers;

the surrogate mothers—one cloth and one wired—were equipped with bottles

affection and attention

suggested most women

had a more feminine view of morality, predicated, instead, based on an understanding

of responsibilities, care for others, and the cultivation of personality relationships

which spanned birth to about 2 years old. In this stage, infants primarily know the

world in terms of sensory impressions and motor activities (i.e., not much thought). With no refined linguistic ability,

children at this stage of development have to figure out the work through the use of their vision, sight, and other senses.

ranging roughly from age 2 to 6 or 7. In this stage, the child learns to use language

but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic, and also advances their theory of mind ability

a Swiss developmental psychologist, dedicated most

of his professional life to studying the development of children

style of parenting is one that imposes rules and expects unquestioned obedience.

stage of development centered around the realization that society is comprised of individuals with perspectives that may override society’s views of moral or acceptable behavior

children benefited the most when they received the

minimum amount of support to overcome optimally-difficult learning tasks

nearly incapable of comprehending another person’s perspective.

both demanding and responsive to the children.

sets in from age 6 or 7 to 11 During this stage, children gain

the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete (not abstract) events

the idea that other humans are their own beings, with perspectives, feelings, and intentions of their own

parents submit to child’s desires.

sets in around puberty; this is when children begin to comprehend

abstract concepts, problem-solve, analyze their thinking, utilize deductive reasoning, & fully escape ego-

centrism;

adapt our current

understandings to incorporate new information.

interpreting our new experiences with our existing schemas.

Beginning roughly at adolescence, individuals at this stage begin to understand the purpose and function of rules

this feminine emphasis was not a ‘lower’ stage of moral reasoning, but rather an alternate set of values; the name attached to her alternative moral voice is referred to as the

Children at this stage are not entirely aware of and/or concerned with the well-being of others

aside from their direct benefit; sharing doesn’t necessarily mean knowledge of the act as

genuinely altruistic, but rather as a means of hoping to benefit from sharing themselves