Human Anatomy Quiz 6: Principles of Support

support, protection, assists movement, mineral reserve, blood cell production, triglyceride storage

Six functions of BONE TISSUE:

framework, attachment point, soft, internal, muscles, stable, produce

Functions of BONE TISSUE: support: __________ for body and __________ _____ for muscles protection: for ____ _________ organs assists movement: _______ need to be attached to ______ structures in order to _______ movement

calcium, phosphorus, homeostasis, blood, red, red, white, platelets, yellow, energy reserve

More functions of BONE TISSUE: mineral reserve: stores _______ and ___________ to help maintain _____________ in their _____ levels blood cell production: some bones have ___ marrow which produces ___ and ______ blood cells and _________ triglyceride storage: _________ bone marrow stores these for ______ _______

osseous, cartilage, connective, epithelium, adipose, nervous

Bone is made up of six tissues:

cartilage

fibrous connective tissue

connective

for binding and support

epithelium

covering

adipose

fat

organs, remodeling

What are bones considered? What are they continually doing?

femur, humerus

Two examples of long bones?

shaft or long main part of bone

What is the diaphysis?

long

What type of bone is the diaphysis found in?

distal and proximal ends of the bone

What is the epiphyses?

long

What type of bone are the epiphyses found in?

regions where diaphysis joins each epiphysis

What are the metaphyses?

long

What type of bone are the metaphyses found in?

epiphyseal plate

When a bone is still growing, what is found in the metaphyses?

an area of cartilage that allows for elongation

What is the epiphyseal plate?

epiphyseal line

What is the epiphyseal plate replaced with when the bone stops growing?

epiphysis, articulate

What part of the long bone does articular cartilage cover? It covers this part of the long bone when it does WHAT with another bone?

slippery, absorb shock

What is the texture of hyaline cartilage? What does it do?

a sheath that surrounds the bone

What is the periosteum?

bone-building, osteoblast

What type of cells form the periosteum? What's a more scientific term for them?

add to thickness of bone, protect, nourish, repair, and serve as attachment for tendons and ligaments

What are the five functions of the cells that compose the periosteum?

periosteum

Where are Sharpey's fibers found?

act like thumb tacks to hold the periosteum to the bone

What do Sharpey's fibers do?

marrow

What is the medullary cavity also known as?

space within the diaphysis

What is the medullary cavity?

a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

What is the endosteum?

storage areas, canals for blood/nerve supply

What do the spaces in the bones act as?

size/amount of spaces

What are the bones classified based on?

few spaces

Does compact bone have a lot of or few spaces?

beneath periosteum

Where is the compact bone found?

diaphysis

What does compact bone make up most of?

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

What penetrates compact bone through perforating canals?

penetrate the bone through perforating canals

What do blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves do in compact bone?

lighter, irregular, lighter

Characteristics of spongy bone: _______, _________ lattice, ________ in general,

areas of flat bones and epiphyses of long bones

What does spongy bone make up most of?

red marrow

What is located in spongy bone?

hard, flexible

Bone is ____ and _________.

osteoblasts, osteoclasts

What are the two main types of cells that bones are composed of?

building

Osteoblasts are bone _________.

secrete extracellular matrix and initiate calcification

What do osteoblasts do?

osteocytes

What do osteoblasts become?

endosteum

Where are osteoclasts concentrated?

bone surface

What do osteoclasts face?

release enzymes that break down bone matrix

What do osteoclasts do?

resorption

What is the process that involves releasing enzymes to break down bone matrix called?

intramembranous ossification

How do flat bones in the embryo form?

where bone will form

Where will cells cluster?

extracellular matrix

What is secreted to begin calcification?

when bone replaces a cartilage "scaffold"

What is endochondral ossification?

long bones

Where is endochondral ossification seen?

increase length

What does bone growth do?

because of activity at epiphyseal plate

Why does the diaphysis lengthen?

new chondrocytes form on epiphyseal side while old chondrocytes on diaphyseal side are replaced by bone

What activity occurs at the epiphyseal plate when the diaphysis lengthens?

cartilage forming cells

What are chondrocytes?

bone to not reach its normal length

What can damage to the epiphyseal plate cause?

being remodeled

What are bones always doing?

grow thicker

What will bones subjected to heavy loads do?

intake of nutrients and presence of hormones

What is remodeling of bone dependent on?

calcium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, fluoride, magnesium

minerals

C, K, B12, A

vitamins

growth factors, androgens

hormones

calcium

What is bone a major reservoir for?

a calcium bank where you can make deposits and take withdrawals

What can you think of bone as?

parathyroid glands, parathyroid hormone (PTH)

When there is falling blood calcium levels what glands go into action? What do they secrete?

osteoclasts that break down bone matrix to release calcium into blood

What does parathyroid hormone or PTH activate?

thyroid gland, calcatonin

When there is rising blood calcium levels which gland is activated? What does the gland secrete?

stimulate calcium salt deposit in bone

What does calcitonin do?