Psy 214 Final

An approach to understanding the family that emphasizes how each relationship within the family influences the family as a whole

Two brothers; a mother and a daughter

◦ E.g., an adolescent reaching puberty necessitates changes ◦ E.g., parents getting divorced has implications for children

the degree to which parents lay out rules and expectations/require children to follow them

the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children's’ needs/express warmth, love, and concern

High in demandingness; high in responsiveness

High in demandingness; low in responsiveness

Low in demandingness; high in responsiveness

Low in demandingness; low in responsiveness

Attachment refers to the emotional bond which we form with another person

bonds formed in early years go on to impact us throughout our lives

 Warm and loving bond with attachment figure  Able to form healthy relationship  Demonstrate confidence in interactions  Tend to be able to form strong relationships in adulthood

 Tend to mistrust attachment figure  Explore their surroundings with trepidation  Fear being abandoned  Tend to feel unloved by their parents into adulthood  Tend to be emotionally dependent in adulthood

 Children recognize that their needs are going to remain unmet  Feel unloved into adulthood  Have trouble expressing feelings/understanding emotions  Tend to avoid intimate relationships in adulthood

80%

one sibling serves parental functions for another

siblings treat each other as friends

a sibling relationship characterized by high levels of teasing and conflict

siblings compete against each other/measure their success against each other

a sibling relationship that is not emotionally intense; siblings have little to do with each other

Buddy relationships

Defined as households which include two or more adult generations

Typically includes grandparents living with their children and grandchildren

multigenerational households

United States and Canada

the quality of family members’ relationships

 Increased exposure to conflict (between parents)  Changes to parenting practices o The burden of childrearing tends to fall on mother's o Parents also go through a lot of stress  Increased economic stress

Rate of teen births has been declining since 1991

• 16.7 per 1,000 females (aged 15-19) in 2019

• Rates tend to be higher among racial/ethnic minorities

Less teens engaging in sex More teens actively using birth control

people who share some aspect of their status (e.g., age, grade)

persons with whom an individual has a valued, mutual relationship

 Adolescents find close friends who mirror their own emotions  Adolescents feel they can be more free/open with their friends than with their parents

small groups of friends who know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group

large, reputation-based groups of adolescents

o Elites – highest social status o Athletes – sports-oriented students o Academics – school-oriented students o Deviants – alienated from the school social environment; suspected of engaging in risky behaviors o Others – don’t stand out; perceived neither positively nor negatively; ignored

Cliques often use sarcasm and ridicule to establish hierarchy

• Cliques also use relational aggression to establish hierarchy  A form of nonphysical aggression that damages relationships o E.g., excluding others from groups o E.g., spreading rumors about others

More commonly practiced by girls

used to measure popularity

 Attractiveness and social skills are related to popularity at all ages  Intelligence tends to be related to popularity despite negative stereotypes

is an extreme form of peer aggression

• Aggression (physical/verbal)

• Repetition (a pattern over time)

• Power imbalance (the bully has a higher status)

• 7% of young people in the UK reported having been bullied over a two-year span

• 20.2% of American youth ages 12 to 18 report being bullied in school

• 1/3 Canadian teenagers have been bullied recently

Refers to bullying behaviours which occur online (i.e., on the Internet, by text, on social media, etc.)

in early adolescence and declines as youth get older • Similar to regular bullying

advice and guidance in solving personal problems

help with various kinds of tasks

being able to rely on each other as companions in social activities

congratulating friends when they succeed and encouraging them or consoling them when they fail

The terms “date/dating” are not used as much as it used to be; replaced by terms like “hanging out with” or “seeing” • Dating is less formal than it used to be; less set times, for example • More mixed-gender groups

• Recreation (to have fun) • Learning (to become more skilled at dating) • Status (to impress others by how often one dates/who one dates) • Companionship (enjoy doing activities with another person) • Intimacy (to form a close emotional relationship with another person) • Courtship (seeking someone to be a steady partner)

Men and women both carve for • Mutual attraction—love • Dependable character • Emotional stability and maturity • Pleasing disposition Mens also look for good health and education and intelligence and women also look for sociability

are cognitive models that guide dating interactions

Males tend to follow a proactive script, which includes: • Initiating the date • Deciding where and when the date will be • Controlling the public domain (i.e., driving the car; opening the door) • Initiating sexual contact

• Emphasizing the private domain (i.e., spending time on dress and grooming before the date) • Responding to the date’s public gestures (i.e., waiting for the date to open the door) • Responding to the date’s sexual initiatives

• Passion – physical attraction and sexual desire • Intimacy – feelings of closeness and emotional attachment • Commitment – a pledge to love someone over the long run • Liking – intimacy but no passion or commitment (e.g., friends) • Infatuation – passion but no intimacy or commitment (a high degree of arousal but that’s all there is) • Empty love – commitment but no passion or intimacy (e.g., early stages of arranged marriages) • Romantic love – passion and intimacy but no commitment (intense but doesn’t last long) • Compassionate love – intimacy and commitment but no passion (long-term relationships where there is no longer a large amount of arousal) • Fatuous – passion and commitment but no intimacy (quick to marry) • Consummate love – passion, intimacy, and commitment are all present (represents the ideal type of love)

Initiation phase, Status phase, Affection phase, and Bonding phase

• Occurs in early adolescence

• Adolescents show the first signs of romantic interest; usually, these signs are brief or superficial and are accompanied by a mix of emotions including anxiety, fear, and excitement

Adolescents gain confidence with respect to interacting with potential romantic partners and begin to form their first romantic relationships; adolescents are not just concerned with their liking for the other person but also how that person interacts with their friend group

Adolescents get to know each other better and express deeper feelings for one another; adolescents engage in a wider range of sexual activities

Romantic relationships become more enduring and serious; partners discuss begin to discuss the possibility of a long-term relationship

• We didn’t have common interests • We had communication problems • We had conflicting sexual attitudes • We had conflicting marriage ideas • Our backgrounds were different • I wanted to be independent • I was bored with the relationship • My partner wanted to be independent • My partner was bored with the relationship • My partner was interested in another person

•Masturbation • Necking and petting • Sexual intercourse (the textbook defines this as vaginal penetrative sex) • Oral sex

• The majority of boys begin masturbating by the age of 13 • 90% of boys masturbate by the age of 19 • Boys masturbate on average five times per week

• Half of girls report beginning to masturbate between the ages of 14 and 17 • ¾ of girls masturbate by the age of 20

Adolescents tend to progress from masturbation to kissing and necking (i.e., mutual touching and stroking above the waist) • This is particularly true for White American adolescents

Approximately half a million children are born to teen mothers per year

• Teen mothers are twice as likely to drop out of school • Teen mothers are less likely to be employed or go to college • Teen mothers are less likely to get married and more likely to get divorced

Occurs when a person is forced to have sexual relations against their will. Often, women are the victims of date rape

about 1 in 12

Risk • Being female • Being a member of the 2SLGBTQ+ community

Consequences included: • Depression and anxiety • Increased likelihood of engaging in unhealthy behaviours like drinking and smoking • Increased likelihood of engaging in antisocial behaviours like bullying and theft • Suicidal ideation

This form of high school which was introduced in the 1920s and is still in place today • Emphasis is placed on general education, college preparation, and vocational training

Many other countries have multiple types of secondary schools. For ex. Europe, it is common to have college-preparatory schools, vocational schools, and professional schools

Canada, Japan, and the United States are unique in that they have one type of secondary education—comprehensive high school

Residential schools were designed to strip Indigenous youth of their identities; the focus was on assimilation

150,000

1996 in Saskatchewan

Secondary schooling looks different in different jurisdictions • Junior high: 6-3-3 • Middle school: 5-3-4

• Both involve transitions in early adolescence; these coincide with other important transitions like puberty • Both involve changes to the school experience

8-4 schooling system as an alternative option • There is evidence to support that this type of schooling results in better grade point average, self-esteem, and student engagement

Yes

Precocity (early signs of talent) • Independence • Desire for mastery • Excellence in information processing

• School difficulties (i.e., low grades, behaviour problems, low IQ scores) • Dislike for school; find it boring • Specific personality traits (e.g., aggression, sensation-seeking) • Family predictors (e.g., parents’ education and income) • School predictors (e.g., poor school climate, less supportive teachers)

• Competition (teens are engaged in a lot of extracurricular activities) • Focus on schoolwork • COVID-19

Realistic, Investigative, Social, Conventional, Enterprising, and Artistic

High physical strength, low social understanding

Jobs : farming or construction

High on conceptual and theoretical thinking; prefer thinking through problems; low on social skills • Best jobs are those in scholarly fields related to math and science

High in verbal and social skills • Best jobs are those that involve working with people like teaching or counselling

Follow directions well, dislike unstructured activities

Best in jobs clear responsibilities and little leadership, like administration or bank teller

High in verbal, social, and leadership skills Best jobs are sales, politics, or management

Introspective, sensitive, and unconventional • Best jobs are artistic occupations like writing or painting