European Motives for Exploration
Spread Catholic Faith & Resources in other lands; Power
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa in the fifteenth century.
Technological Improvements
New ships and sails, magnetic compass, astrolabes, Also new knowledge of winds and currents allowed for easier faster trade and travel
Bartolomeu Diaz
Portuguese explorer who traveled to the cape of Africa and back
Vasco de Gama
Portuguese Explorer who sailed around Africa to India
Christopher Columbus
First Explorer to reach Americas; Wanted to find trade route to Asia without having to go through Ottomans; Had support of the Spanish Monarchy
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition to sail around the world first
Pacific exploration
So vast that took a while to map/discover, explorers did discover most of it and the west coast of North America.
Portuguese Trading Empire/Conflicts
Portuguese had one of the most extensive trading empires in Europe; Conflict: Had certain Conflicts with natives as well as Dutch
Dutch Trading Empire/Conflics
Dutch had extensive trading empire in Java with Dutch East Indies; decentralized capitalists helped trade; Conflicts: Had conflicts with locals and British & French
English Trading Empire/Conflicts
Built trading posts and attempted to build stronger connections with Asia. Entered conflicts with Dutch and Portuguese
French Exploration
French exploration took place from the 15th to 18th centuries. They aimed to find trade routes, expand territories, and spread French influence. The French were important in the fur trade and in establishing colonies in Quebec and Louisiana.
East India Company and VOC
Dutch Trading Company that operated separate and together with the Dutch government and conquered Java for huge trade profits
Conquest of the Philippines
Done by the Spanish as a trading port in East Asia for better trade between New Spain and Asia. Pushed Catholicism in the Philippines
Conquest of Java
Dutch East India company set up there but lack of settlers led to not a lot of social change in Java
Russia in Siberia
Russia sent criminals and unwanteds to colonize Siberia and they traded fur and gold there
7 Years War & other Conflicts
Global conflict that occurred everywhere in the world and pitted All the global superpower’s against each other
The Columbian Exchange
Exchange of crops people and diseases in triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Columbian Exchange Diseases and Crops
Small Pox and Influenza transferred from Europe to the Americas while crops went the other direction which led to drastic social changes in both places
Global Trade- Manila Galleons
Were sleek heavily armed ships with large amounts of cargo space which helped with the spreading of trade in Asia with the Spanish
Environmental effects of Trade
Fur Trade led to large threat on animal populations; As global trade increased the amount of goods and services used/traded sharply increased
Spanish Caribbean
First place Europeans arrived in Americas
Set up their settlements and the encomienda system which gave them control
Brought smallpox which was devastating to the local people
Conquest of Mexico-- Cortes
Conquered the Aztec empire by placing it under siege and starving it until it surrendered
New military technologies and diseases helped the Spanish by reducing their population quickly
Conquest of Peru-- Pizarro
Conquered Incas by playing on the civil war and exploiting that to help gain control
Searched for gold and used the local labor
Spanish Administration
Established two main centers of authority (Mexico & Peru) and ruled them with viceroys. Not very successful sometimes as communication and transportation struggles came up sometimes
Viceroys
King’s representatives in the America’s and wielded a lot of power
Audiencias
Collection of scholars who were designed to keep the power of the viceroys in check and reviewed them
Encomienda System
a formal system of forced labor in Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines, intended to encourage conquest and colonization
North American Settlements
Set up on east coast where life was extremely difficult but overtime they built stronger and were able to have lasting colonies
Self-Governed
North American Conflicts
French and English settlers frequently clashed with native peoples
Many native people were displaced or killed
Mestizo Populations
People in mexico of both spanish and native descent and were below the full Spaniards in social heirarchy
Mining in Spanish Colonies
Silver mining was super important in Peru and Mexico which led to slave and forced labor
Led to inflation of Silver in the world
Agriculture in Spanish Colonies
Used labor from Mit’a and encomienda systems but eventually went to a more tributary system
Silver -- Importance
Powered the spanish economy in the world and produced profit for investors separate of monarchy. Went all directions and stimulated global trade
Conflicts under Spanish Rule
Indigenous peoples resisted a lot and local revolts against law and administration were common but Spain remained largely in control
Sugar and slavery
Portuguese settlers focused on sugar production and therefore imported a lot of slave from Africa
Fur Trade
Trade in furs grew in North America and was large export from French, British, and Russian colonies
Tobacco Trade
Also large export amongst cash crops and was exported heavily to Europe where smoking became increasingly popular
North American Slavery
Large use of African slave labor and the exploitation of those peoples
Christianity and Native Society
Christianity was pushed heavily by Spanish and mostly blended and merged with local religions while also exterminating some local religions
Missionaries
European missionaries attempted to spread Christianity with schools and communities which led to the adoption of the Virgin of Guadalupe
Europeans in the Pacific- Australia, Guam, Hawaii
Dutch explored first and said it was barren; Then pacific islands and Australia became useful for their land and as stopping points between Asia and Americas
Syncretic Beliefs-- New World
As christianity arrived it blended with local religions and customs to create new ones
Conflicts against State Power- France, Russia, England
Lots of conflict but did nothing to stop state power
Mali Empire
Controlled Trans-Saharan trade and replaced Ghana
Songhay/Sunni Ali
Expansive state of Songhay took Mali’s place and their ruler Sunni Ali embarked to control land
Built elaborate administrative systems and did not abandon traditional religious practices
Swahili Decline
Took hard hit and Europeans required tributes and they also shot at the city-states which led to their decline
Kingdom of Kongo
Central African state which converted to Christianity and led to the development of trade between them and Portuguese
Slave Raiding-Kongo
Kongo raided other towns/city-states to export in exchange for textiles and weapons. Portuguese aided them in the expelling of invaders but also took people in Kongo
Kingdom of Ndongo
Developed slave trade with Portuguese and established what would become a colony to export slaves
Queen Nzinga
Resisted the Portuguese forces and she was a strong leader of the Ndongo people
Christianity in Africa
Fulani and Antonian movement were very crucial in spreading Christianity in Africa but also did not attempt to stamp out local religions
Antonian Movement
Syncretic cult that pushed Christianity by Dona Beatriz and they were very successful in native groups
Atlantic Slave Trade
Source of labor for the Americas in exchange for firearms and other manufactured products transferred to Africa
Islamic Slave Trade
Muslims traded African slaves to the Arabian peninsula for centuries which helped lay the groundwork for the Atlantic Slave Trade
Triangular Trade
Trade of all goods in CE between Africa - Americas - Europe
Middle Passage
Treacherous journey from Africa across Atlantic where lots of slaves died
Plantation Societies
Many african slaves went to the plantations where they were forced to work in treacherous locations to harvest cash crops
Cash Crops
What plantations produced; Rice, Coffee, Tobacco, and Lavender all produced there
Slave Revolts
Most dramatic form of slave resistance and it was how the slaves in Haiti revolted and ended up declaring independence from France
African-American Culture
New languages were formed in addition to syncretic religions and new music
Abolition of Slavery
New information about the treatment of slavery and the abolitionist movement began around the world but especially in Britain
Olaudah Equiano
Published an autobiography about his life as a slave and then he lobbied government officials and members
Syncretic Beliefs-- Africa
Syncretic beliefs also became prominent here as Christianity and Islam were further inserted into society
Abolition of Slavery-- Britain's Role
Britain abolished slavery in its colonies and outlawed the slave trade. They used their navy to attack slave ships crossing the Atlantic, adding to economic dis-benefits of the slave trade.