Studied by 5 peopleBiological (psychologist)
John Harlow
Biological (includes)
-nervous system -glands -hormones -genetic factors
Biological (definition)
-biology influences behavior -look for connections between brain and cognitive processes -connections between genetics and traits
Cognitive (psychologist)
Jean Piaget
Cognitive (includes)
interpretation of mental images, thinking, language
Cognitive (definition)
-thoughts play a role in determining/predicting behavior -how you perceive information, make mental images of the world, solve problems, and dream
Behavioral (psychologist)
-John Watson -Ivan Pavlov -BF Skinner
Behavioral (includes)
environmental influences, learning, observational learning
Behavioral (definition)
-learn through observation- not passively -sociocultural learning theory -rewards/punishment
Evolutionary (psychologist)
Charles Darwin
Evolutionary (includes)
-physical traits -adaptive behavior
Evolutionary (definition)
-survival of the fittest -adaptive behavior: learn to act in a certain way for survival -instinctual behavior: genetically programmed patterns of behavior
Psychodynamic (psychologist)
Sigmund Freud
Psychodynamic (includes)
-unconscious processes -childhood experiences
Psychodynamic (definition)
-our unconscious influences behavior through aggression and sexual urges -memories, dreams, trauma -modern view focused on conscious choices, self-direction
Humanistic (psychologist)
-Harry Harlow -Abraham Maslow
Humanistic (includes)
-self-fulfillment -self-awareness -conscious choices
Humanistic (definition)
-looks at personal experiences and emotions and how they influence thoughts and behavior -you choose who you are and how you act
Psychologist responsible for Structuralism
William Wundt
What is introspection?
looking within oneself
Who is the "Father" and founder of psychology?
William Wundt -First laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
What is Structuralism?
-breaking down of our consciousness (thoughts) into elements -objective sensations: observable, scientific, reality -subjective sensations: thoughts, emotions, mental images
Psychologist responsible for functionalism
William James
Who wrote the first psychology textbook?
William James
What did William James believe?
experience is continuous "stream of consciousness"
What is functionalism?
-how mental (cognitive) processes helps organism adapt -relationship between experience and behavior function of behavior and cognitive processes to apply it to everyday life
Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because...
they're successful
Psychologist responsible for Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud -evaluating and treating pathologies (mental disorders) -focused on sexual and instinctual origins
Most controversial yet famous psychologist
Sigmund Freud
What is psychoanalysis?
unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining and understanding human behavior
Psychologists responsible for behaviorism
John B Watson (Sherlock) and BF Skinner (skinny legend)
What is the experiment with the white rat and child called and who conducted it?
Little Albert Experiment -unethical -led to a fear of furry white things
John B Watson
Who came up with operant conditioning and what is it?
BF Skinner -Skinner Box -reward and punishment (rat with button)
Psychologists responsible for Gestalt Psychology (pretty sure she said we didn't have to know the names but just in case)
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler
What is behaviorism?
scientific study of observable behavior
What is Gestalt psychology?
-context influences people's interpretations of information -perceptions of objects are more than the sums of their parts
Ex. chair held you up so next time you see a chair you assume it will hold you up
Researchers observe the behavior of people or animals in their natural habits
Naturalistic-observation
As one factor goes up, the other goes down
negative correlation
sample definition
only part of the target population
this study is when the data is collected from groups of participants of different ages and compared so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age
cross sectional study
what are two widely used methods that psychologists use to gather research?
surveys and experimentation
This field of psychology focuses on individual students problems they have with learning and help them to place them in the best classes for their needs
school psychology
What are cognitive activities?
mental processes such as dreams, perceptions, thoughts and memories
Which perspective? environmental influences, learning, observational learning
learning
the type of psychology where they diagnose and treat a patient who is mentally ill and try to help patients to overcome their struggles
clinical psychology
Which perspective? nervous system, glands and hormones, genetic factors
biological
The group that receives the placebo is the
control group
What are two additional steps that need to be taken in order for a theory to be developed?
replicate and test their theories or ask new questions
Sugar pill used in an experiment is a
placebo
two goals for psychologists
to observe/describe behavior and mental processes as well as explain and predict behavior
The only type of research that can show cause and effect
experimental research
Studies traits of an individual, such as optimism, sociability, emotional stability, and aggressiveness
personality psychology
asking a set of questions to a carefully random or representative sample of others
survey research
this field of psychology studies how people grow and develop from birth to death
developmental psychology
an ethical psychologist will
be committed to taking ethical action
specializes in the treatment of psychological problems but can't prescribe medication
psychologist
Which of these is NOT a central ethical principle
justice
A group of participants are observed at intervals over an extended period of time
longitudinal
in a ___ study, the researcher knows if a participant is receiving a placebo or not
single-blind study
five steps of scientific method
research question, hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusions
any action that people can observe or measure
behavior
definition of psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
researches basic psychological processes such as learning, thinking, motivation, and instructional methods for school
educational psychology
Which perspective? ethnicity, gender, culture, religion, socioeconomic status
sociocultural
the type of psychologist who would provide therapy to someone dealing with the problems of everyday life like making major life decisions
counseling psychology
as one factor goes up, so does the other
positive correlation
the group that receives the actual drug is the
experimental group
Which perspective? unconscious processes, early childhood experience
psychoanalytic
In a ___ study, the researcher does not know if the participant is receiving a placebo or not
double-blind study
Studying or analyzing one individual in-depth in order to understand a particular concept
case study
participants are observed in a labratory setting
laboratory-observation
target population
the whole group you want to study or describe
What are the 5 principles of APA?
-Beneficence and nonmaleficence -risks and costs -fidelity and responsibility -integrity -justice -respect for people's right and dignity
Code of Ethics
-competence -informed consent -privacy and confidentiality -avoid harm--> give dignity
ethical research controversies
-using animals -sexist -ethnocentric -racist -control behavior
what are ethics?
principle of establishing right and wrong behavior -social context -circumstance -religious or moral views
Note
Flashcard