HWH U9 - Revolutions in Science, Thought, Politics, and Economics

female writer that wrote about women not being inferior to men.

architect of reign of terror, felt Louis XVI should die for the revolution.

stormed prison in Paris and became a symbol of monarchies rule.

the middle /capitalist class that owned most of societys wealth.

thinker that believed in natural rights (freedom of speech, religion, etc), positivity, life + liberty.

pledge and idea that political authority comes from people not the monarch.

American civil war strategy to prevent the transport of weapons to the confederates.

blockade from Napoleon to stop Great Britain through stopping buying /selling.

freedom of religion and speech.

attempted to create a society with equal rights.

formed provisional government during reign of terror.

Napoleons agreement with the papacy, an agreement between a secular figure + the church.

gave men authority over their family, took away womens rights.

between Napoleon and duke of Wellington that stopped an elongated war.

scientific method development

against british and french during napoleonic code.

separation of church /powers.

people are naturally evil so a strong ruler is needed for people to give their lives to.

the three estates: clergy, nobles, and commoners, that could levy taxes etc for Louis XVI.

idea of dismantling old society, to make it radical.

citizens who didn't like the revolution were killed.

agreement to form political contract over certain conditions.

social + political order in France, men were all subjects to king, made king absolute monarchy

minister who ruled for Louis and started attacking huguenots

protected huguenots from cardinal

passed edict of nantes

french philosopher who popularized the essay

Scientific method and skepticism

ended 30 years war

child king, XVI (16) was the guy involved in the revolution

grand palace

Spain + France ruled by people, other countries didn’t want them united but treaty signed to stop fighting if they agreed to never unite

wanted Puritans + presbyterian Scots to be peaceful w/ each other but they invaded Charles and the parliament had to limit his power but then he tried to arrest them which started the English Civil War

puritan general, won, got rid of monarchy but became dictator

supported parliament during english civil war

royalists that supported Charles

reign of restoration

to have body, every prisoner had fair trials, king couldn’t send someone to jail without fair trial

offended subjects with Catholicism, broke laws, dissolved parliament

appointed by protestants scared of Catholicism, they come for James and he flees (GLORIOUS REVOLUTION)

people who unite parliament and monarch MOST POWER

people gathered in salons to gossippppp (france)

Louis needed money, needed estates to tell him to raise taxes, kicked out third estate since they would get taxes, but third estate said no and national assembly (1789) started, where they later stormed everything

when they created the thing after the monarchy, how the left (jacobins), right, and middle were created

France had already colonized Haiti, directory said that France would agree to free them but Haitians had to do the same job and such when they were enslaved, and the revolution did much less then intended

Helped nations become liberated from Spain, but many did not want to be led by him if he was a person who would become a leader and rule over them so it took long to unite everyone

Fear and uncertainty in the religion due to territorial conflicts leads to larger armies needed, causing tax increase for a larger army with more money. Heavy taxes cause many to revolt and get angry, and the church looses control as organizations break down. The middle class started supporting the national monarchy that took over in the opening from the church and monarchs then get money from colonies for finances

Rulers wanted to control others ideas and the spread of them, so gatherings were shut down or targeted by monarchs. The size of the court then increased so that the nobles could be noticed and liked by the monarch, and appeared loyal and powerful. The bureaucracies also increased so that they could control the economy, and new positions were developed for this. (similar process in Qing/Han dynasty) Monarchs relied on many for the enforced rules of the economy. However the exercise of absolute power from monarchs caused them to be very oppressive, and people lost their voice in the government.

• English civil war: parliament began passing laws to stop the monarch’s power as much as it had been used, and once Oliver Crownwell helped win the english civil war he instilled the commonwealth, and disliked the monarchy

• Restoration: Bill of rights from William and Mary taking over ?, women began to get more jobs and people could use guns, people established military, less control

• Glorious revolution: Bill to rights that limited the royal power by telling the monarch that they cannot suspend parliament laws, can’t levy taxes and can't interfere with freedom of speech

• People will not be penalized for speaking up against the government

• Lives depending on the mood of the monarch

• King can’t just take away their rights in jail now

On what Conditions do the new Monarchs, William and Mary, accept the crown of England?

August 1789, every man deserves freedom, all men are created equal

limited constitutional monarchy created with a new constitution, when Louis XVI tries to run away but returns prisoner to paris

End of French Revolution, Napoleon seizes power

Napoleon crowns himself emperor

Congress of Vienna

Haitian Revolution

Mexican Independence Revolution

Start of French Revolution

Napoleon sends troups to portugal from spain, and small groups are fought in, guerrilas, which leads to the british aiding the guerrilas, and  300,00 rebel

Russian relations break down, Napoleon invades, but Russians scorch everything, once Napoleon gets to Moscow he must retreat

Napoleon is badly defeated and many areas join forces against him. He surrendered and is exiled. Louis XVII is the new king, but gets overthrown, and Napoleon returns for Waterloo, his last attempt at power which he looses