Studied by 30 peopleTags & Description
Causes of French settlement in the Americas
The French colonized North America to create trading posts for the fur trade. Some French missionaries eventually made their way to North America in order to convert Native Americans to Catholicism.
French Relations with Native Americans
dependent on friendly relations; emphasis on fur trading, where Indians supplied the posts; most enduring alliance between Indians and Settlers in North America; Frenchmen adopted Indian ways; middle-ground relationship without forced labor or possession of land; intermarried (métis)
Causes of Spanish settlement in the Americas
Spain's colonization goals were to extract gold and silver from the Americas, to stimulate the Spanish economy and make Spain a more powerful country. Spain also aimed to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
Spanish relationship with Native Americans
The Spanish were cruel to the Natives and forced them to be slaves. They whipped them if they didn't convert to Christianity.
The Natives learned to use new tools, grow new foods, and raise sheep, and the Spanish learned how to grow crops in the desert soil
Smallpox, measles, and flu wiped out entire villages of Natives
Enslaved them through the Encomienda System
Causes of English settlement in the Americas
England was motivated in part by the lure of both riches and the Northwest Passage.
English relationship with Native Americans
These groups fought over land and religion. The colonists wanted to settle the land which means they pushed the natives off the land. The colonists considered the natives were heathens, agents of the devil, and a threat to a godly society.
Native American and Colonists relations in Virginia (Powhatan Confederacy)
Both sides committed atrocities against the other. Powhatan was finally forced into a truce of sorts. Colonists captured Powhatan's favorite daughter, Pocahontas, who soon married John Rolfe.
Native American and Colonists relations in New England
England territories first attempted a mutual relationship based on trade and a shared dedication to spirituality, soon disease and other conflicts led to a deteriorated relationship and, eventually, the First Indian War.
Causes of Pequot War
Disputes over land; Pequot saw land deals as temporary and that no one "owned" the land. English saw it as a permanent deal.
Causes of King Philip's War
The 1621 peace agreement with Plymouth no longer protected the Wampanoag tribe's people or land from the English
Where did slavery develop?
The South
Why did slavery develop in the South
The climate and geographic conditions in the south made it the perfect environment to grow cash crops; the plantation system developed and the cheapest source of labor was to purchase African slaves
Slavery's impact on the US Economy
Thus slavery paid for a substantial share of the capital, iron, and manufactured goods that laid the basis for American economic growth.
Mercantilism
an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Atantic Slave Trade
the business of forcing Africans to the colonies in North and South America to work
Triangle Trade Route
the trade route that connected the colonies, Europe [England], Africa and the West Indies. All of the countries were interconnected by the slave trade.
Puritans in New England
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Great Awakening
Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.
Great Awakening Key People
George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, Gilbert Tennent, Jonathan Dickinson, and Samuel Davies
Great Awakening impact on colonial interrelationships
The Great Awakening notably altered the religious climate in the American colonies. Ordinary people were encouraged to make a personal connection with God, instead of relying on a minister. Newer denominations, such as Methodists and Baptists, grew quickly.
Great Awakening impact on Colonial Identity
The Great Awakening also contributed to colonial religious liberty by changing the balance of religious power.
Causes of the French and Indian War
Colonial rivalries between. Great Britain and France.
France and Great Britain traded with different Native American groups for fur.
France and Great Britain arm the Native Americans.
Disputed land claims in Ohio River Valley (both sides wanted the same fur-rich land)
Effects of the French and Indian War
Britain gained control of Canada. France gained control of the Caribbean Islands. France and Britain both suffered economically because of the war. The war nearly double Britain's national debt. In order to pay off the debt, Britain had to impose new taxes on the colonies, which caused the colonies to despise Britain more and more, and eventually led up to the American revolution.
French and Indian War effect on Colonial and British relations
Disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution.
Salutary Neglect
an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty
Impact of Salutary Neglect
English colonies led to the colonies becoming used to acting independently; growth of self-government in the colonies.
End of Salutary Neglect
After the French and Indian war, British thought that they should no longer leave the colonies alone, and tightened the mercantilisty policies as exemplified by the Proc. Of 1763, the Currency Act, the Sugar Act, and more.
Stamp Act
1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.
Stamp Act Significance
It was enacted by Grenville. The colonists brought together the Stamp Act Congress, which adopted a Nonimportation Agreement against British goods. Parliament was forced to repeal the act in 1766 because of British trade losses.
Effects of the Stamp Act
-unified the colonies against Britain
-Stamp Act affected all Americans
-colonists saw the Stamp Act as a way for England to raise money without consent of colonial governments
Tea Act
Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party
Tea Act significance
The act's main purpose was not to raise revenue from the colonies but to bail out the floundering East India Company, a key actor in the British economy.
Effects of the Tea Act
This threatened to drive colonial tea merchants out of business and led to the Boston Tea Party. John Hancock became the richest man in Boston because of smuggling tea.
Intolerable Acts
in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses
Intolerance Acts Significance
Parliament's intolerable policies sowed the seeds of American rebellion and led to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in April 1775.
Effects of the Intolerable Acts
Colonists saw Acts as a violation of their natural and constitutional rights. More colonists turned against Britain. The First Continental Congress was formed, and they called for colonists to boycott British goods.
Patriots vs. Loyalists
Patriots wanted to separate from England and Loyalists wanted to stay under England's rule.
Impact of the American Revolution on Slavery
The American Revolution had profound effects on the institution of slavery. Several thousand slaves won their freedom by serving on both sides of the War of Independence.
Impact of the American Revolution on women
But the revolutionary emphasis on equality brought some important changes in women's inheritance rights.
Role of Abigail Adams
She was an early advocate for women's rights.
Republican Motherhood
An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience. Educational opportunities for women expanded due to this. Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.
Articles of Confederation
1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)
Strengths of the Articles of Confederation
Experience gained helped in the creation of the Constitution, States acted as experimental labs, Provided some solutions in convention, Got through the Revolutionary War, Ended western land claiming by states, Was a product of the people
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
One vote for each State, regardless of size. Congress powerless to lay and collect taxes or duties. Congress powerless to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. No executive to enforce acts of Congress. No national court system. Amendment only with consent of all States. A 9/13 majority required to pass laws. Articles only a "firm league of friendship."
Federalists and Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalists wanted states' rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wanted strong central government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights
Federalists view of constitution
loose interpretation, strong central government
Anti-Federalists view on Constitution
Opposed ratification of the Constitution
Wanted a weak federal government that would not threaten states’ rights
Wanted to keep freedom
Wanted a Bill of Rights
Jefferson vs. Hamilton
AH: favored national debt, loose interpretation of const, pro-business, strong standing army, pro-brit., for the wealthy man TJ: anti debt, strict interpretation of const, pro farming, state militia, pro- france, for the common man.
Washington's Farewell Address
Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.
Jefferson's Presidency
He wanted to reduce the importance of national government and take down the Federalist system. He reduced the number of government employees and slashed the army and navy. He abolished all taxes except the tariff, and paid off part of the national debt.
Louisiana Purchase
1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.
Embargo Act
1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.
Causes of the War of 1812
These included: British Impressment of sailors, British seizure of neutral American trading ships, and the reasons given by the War Hawks (the British were inciting the Indians on the frontier to attack the Americans, and the war would allow the U.S. to seize the northwest posts, Florida, and possibly Canada).
Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
An extension of the French Revolution
First use of conscription based on nationalism
Defeat after the rebellion in Haiti and invasion of Russia
Led to the collapse of the Spanish Empire in the New World (French occupation of Spain)
Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire
Impressment
The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.
trade
Exchange of goods and services
Problems of the frontier
droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, locust plagues, and occasional raids by outlaws and Native Americans
Monroe Doctrine
A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Significance of the Monroe Doctrine
Insisted that European powers seek no additional colonies in the Western hemisphere and made U.S into a police force
Marshall Court (1801-1835)
The Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall. Chosen by John Adams, a federalist, the Court was a Federalist stronghold during years of Republican administration. Under Marshall, the Court ruled on federal vs. state power and congressional control of interstate commerce. The Court became powerful.
Madison vs. Marbury 1803
Issue dealt with Madison declaring an act of Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing judicial review.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Sectionalism
Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.
Nationalism vs. Sectionalism
Nationalism: extreme national pride, people who were nationalists wanted what was best for the whole country.
Sectionalism: more concerned with local/state/regional rights, people who were sectionalized wanted what was best for their state for the region
Era ofGood Feeling (1820-24)
Period during the second term o f President James Monroe; Federalist Party had vanished; only one national political party (Democrat), a strong economy, little partisan strife in the country
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)
Provisions of the Missouri Compromise
Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state as long as a free state was admitted at the same time. also set 36'30 latitude as the dividing line between slave and free territory
Impact of Missouri Compromise
Balance remained at 12 free, 12 slave
States admitted in alternating free & slave in short-term
Lasts 34 years until Kansas-Nebraska Act
Slavery would become the #1 issue as the US expands (compromises & court cases)
Tariff Policies
Governments raise money by levying tariffs or taxes on imported goods. Generally northerners favored the tariff because it helped protect them from foreign competition but southerners opposed tariffs because they were more dependent on foreign trade.
Purpose of tariffs
Tariffs made European goods more expensive than American goods.
Who supported tariffs?
North
Why did the North support tariffs?
It made the price of northern manufactured goods cheaper than foreign competitors (European goods)
Who opposed tariffs?
South
Why did the South oppose tariffs?
its economy depended on foreign trade and southern planters sold most of their cotton to foreign buyers. They were not paid in money but given credits and used the credits to buy manufactured goods which would cost more thanks to the tariffs
The American System, 1815
A system proposed by Henry Clay where America functioned by the southern and western states sending crops and unfinished goods to the north and east and then they would send finished goods and food to the south and west. (Its like a giant circle where everyone gets what they need from other parts of America)
Henry Clay
Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.
What was the American System?
A nationalistic idea that Henry Clay hoped would unify the nation, create a national currency, and improve transportation to facilitate trade among the different regions.
How did the American System impact Nationalism?
the American System amplified the power of the Federal Government. Increased possibility for nationalistic belief with added power to the Federal Government
How did the American System impact Sectionalism?
The American System increased sectionalism between the regions of the United States
Death of the Federalist Party
Anti-war stance
Hartford Convention: New England Federalists met to discuss Republican grievances, mentioned secession; seen as traitorous
Elitism didn't fit with democratic sentiments
Death of Federalist Party impact on the Era of Good Feelings
Left the United States with one single political party, promoted unity with only one party
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