Bio 101L

Discussion

Appendix

Results

Introduction

Numerical

Qualitative

pink; thinness; peptidoglycan

The opposite or 700 nm

stroma

Plasmolysis

hypotonic, burst

Unitless. Distance traveled by pigment front/overall solvent front

26/9 = 2.88 T/min

Plantae

Magnoliophyta

None

Chloroplast/Cell Wall

Shape: Bricks like cell wall.

Plantae

Chlorophyta

Flagella

Parent/Daughter colonies

Shape: Circles

Animalia

Chordata

None

Nucleus, Plasma Membrane

Shape: Look like tissue shapes

Protista

Euglenophyta

Flagella

Chloroplast

Shape: Leaf shape with flagella

Protista

Ciliophora

Cilia

Nucleus, Cilia, Food Vacuole

Shoe shape

Protista

Amoebozoa

Pseudopods

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membranes

Shape: Blob shaped

Filaments, colonial organisms, photosynthesis

Unicellular, clusters, gelatinous sheath

Present in yogurt, consumes lactose and converts milk to yogurt, rod-shaped chain

Little dots, transform sugars.

blue-green

olive green

in some types of algae

Yellow-orange

Yellow

6CO2 + 6H2O →(light) C6H12O6 + 6O2

Selection of Sample

Tissue lysis: Break open cells to release contents

Capture and cleaning of DNA

Elution: Remove unwanted molecules/substances

94-96C

68C

72CX

1. Denaturation: First, the DNA sample is heated up to separate the double-stranded DNA into two single strands. It's like pulling apart the two sides of a zipper.

2. Annealing: Next, we cool the sample down so that small DNA pieces called primers can attach to each single strand of DNA. These primers mark the starting points for copying.

3. Extension: Now, a special enzyme called taq polymerase adds new DNA nucleotides to the single strands, using the original DNA as a template. This creates two new double-stranded DNA molecules, each starting from one of the original strands.

4. Repeat: The process is then repeated over and over again, each cycle doubling the amount of DNA. So, if you started with one molecule, after one cycle you have two, after two cycles you have four, and so on.

Synthesize new DNA strands based on sequential information.

Recognize specific sequences of DNA and cleave near those sites to create fragments for DNA processes.

Smaller molecules move faster and further. it separates pieces of DNA by molecular size and shape so they can be viewed and identified.

Negative and Positive. Positioned at either end of gel, runs from negative end to positive end.

Each chromosome has equal chance of being passed on.

Chromosomes sort into gametes independently

9:3:3:1

3:3:1:1

1:1:1:1

(Observed - Expected)² / Expected Value

A human metabolic disease caused by a mutation in a gene coding for a phenylalanine processing enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase), which leads to accumulation of phenylalanine and mental retardation if not treated; inherited as an autosomal recessive phenotype.

a carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites
** cause by BRCA 1 and BRCA 2

-physically appear female (XO); part of x chromosome is missing/damaged
-symptoms: reproductively sterile, lack of unassisted puberty, abnormally short in stature

A genetic disorder that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.

Autosomal Recessive disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis

defective chromosome #5
-* catlike cry; severe physical and mental abnormalities; non lethal

muscular, ventral usually

scraping mouthpart

internal or external

secretes the shell

Adaptive radiation is the diversification of a group of organisms into different forms to exploit various ecological niches.

Polyplacophora

Scavenger, algae

Slowly using ventral foot

Yes

Yes

Yes

External, 8

No

Rocky land

Bivalvia

Filter feeder

Burrows through foot

No

Yes

Yes

External, growth lines

Intakes w/one and filters w/other

Fresh and deep water

Cephalopoda

Predator

Modified foot called siphon

Yes

Yes

No

Internal

Used for movement

Deep water

Gastropoda

Scavenger/Predator

Creeping broad foot

Yes

Yes

Yes

External

No

Water and land

Inorganic ions sometimes required for enzymatic activity.

Chemical compounds that bind tightly to metallic ions.

Chelating agent blocks binding of cofactor to enzyme by binding the cofactor

Catechol + oxygen (→ catecholase) benziquinone + water

EDTA

Citric Acid and PTU

It absorbs green light, hence the red-brown color.

Towards tail

Towards back

Towards belly

Towards middle

Towards exterior

aorta and pulmonary artery

Right atrium and left atrium

Vena cava, right atrium

Pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body

Right ventricle, Pulmonary artery, lungs

Atrium brings in and ventricles push out, aorta helps be more specific with oxygen-rich blood.

Bud-like protrusion ventral to anus in females

Two slightly round patches near hind legs, protects the testes.

Posterior from umbilical cord near ventral side, tip of penis.

Outermost layer of skin in developing embryos.

oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus

Protects the heart and lugs

Protescts the stomach, liver, intestines.

Bile production, filtering toxins from blood, metabolism of fats.

Store and push bile to small intestine when needed

Connects stomach to large intestine, where most breakdown takes place.

The bile duct is a tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine

Digestive fluid

Layer of membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord.

First stool passed by newborn baby, greenish-black

Filter for blood, reserve for blood

Breaking down food and passing it into small intestine

Regulate passage of food from stomach to small intestine.

Connects large intestine to small intestine

Store feces until ready for expulsion

Absorbing water, forming feces, and eliminating waste from body.

Prevent food and liquid from entering air pipes.

Speech production and breathing

Connects nasal cavity and mouth to esophagus and larynx

Digestive function

Produces hormones that regulate metabolism.

Produces T lymphocytes.

part of small intestine that breaks down food further.

Produces hormones that regulate sugar levels and secretes digestive enzymes.