Honors Chemistry Study Guide: Solutions, Acids, and Bases

a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in one state of matter

• particles evenly distributed

• substances don’t separate

• “one substance dissolved in another”

• kool-aid (gasses dissolved in gasses)

• Air (gasses dissolved in gasses)

• Ponds (gasses dissolved in liquids)

• Gasoline (liquids dissolved in liquids)

• Alloys (solids dissolved in solids

the substance that is dissolved

the substance that does the dissolving (more abundant)

solute + solvent

any solution where water is the solvent

concentration of a solution; measured in the number of moles of solute dissolved in ever liter of solution

concentration of a solution; measured in moles of solute dissolved in each kilogram of solvent

M = moles of solute/liters of solution

m = moles of solute/kg of solvent

n solute/ V

n solute = MV

• 2.80 = solution concentration

• M = mol solute/ L solution

• NaCl = solute

• (aq) = solvent (water)

1. Calculate amount of solute needed

2. Measure solute

3. Fill volumetric flask half with distilled water

4. Add solute

5. Swirl mixture to dissolve solute

6. Add distilled water up to line

7. Label solution

• Solvent particles are strongly attached to solute particles

• Solute particles are pulled away from other solute particles

• Solute particles surrounded by solvent particles, creating homogenous mixture

when a solution reaches a point where it can’t dissolve anymore solute (maximum concentration)

)measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent (under given conditions

1. solute-solvent attraction

2. temperature

3. pressure

a solution that contains more solute than the solvent would normally dissolve under current conditions

kool-aid, seawater, tea, gatorade, antifreeze

• acetic acid (vinegar)

• carbonic acid (pop)

• citric acid (citrus fruit)

• hydroxide (deodorant)

• bicarbonate (baking soda)

• hypochlorite (bleach)

hydrogen ion (proton)

acid = a substance that can donate H+ ions in a solution

base= a substance that can accept H+ ions in a solution

• sour taste

• conduct electricity

• corrosive

• react with some metals to make hydrogen (g)

• react with carbonates to make CO2 (g)

• bitter taste

• conduct electricity

• corrosive

formed when an acid loses a H+

formed when a base gains a H+

chemicals that change color depending on the pH of the solution (phenolphthalein = more pink when basic, clear when acidic, light pink when neutral)

a measure of the strength of an acid or base (really a measure of the concentration of H+ in a solution)

pH = -log[H+] (H+ = molarity of hydrogen ions)

acids that completely dissociate in water

• 100% of molecules break apart to form ions

• Produce many H+ (lower pH)

acids that DO NOT dissociate in water

• less than 100% of molecules form ions in water

• Produce very few H+ (higher pH)

substances that have a strong attraction for H+ in solution

substances that have a weak attraction for H+ in solution

when an acid and a base react in proper amounts to neutralize each other

a carefully controlled reaction where an unknown solution is reacted with a known solution

a solution with a known concentration

the stopping point in an acid-base titration when a neutralization reaction occurs

homogenous mixture of metals

• steel (scissors, keys, appliances)

• bronze (coins, doorknobs)

• brass (watches, instruments)

molarity of acid x volume of acid = molarity of base x volume of base (at equivalence point)