AP HUG unit 2

Study of population

Areas with permanent human settlements

Climate, landforms, water bodies, soil, etc

Culture, economics, history, politics, etc

Number of people in relation to space occupied

Number of people per unit area of land

- ex: 100 people per square kilometer

Number of people per arable land

- more arable = more people

Agriculturally productive/fertile

Number of farmers per unit arable land

- more developed = lower agricultural density/less farmers

Number of people that can survive in an area

Increase

- Higher Population = more political sway because there’s more voters

- rural and urban areas have different political needs and often disagree

- More jobs=higher population because people need to work

- urban areas have more jobs

- Higher Population = more social needs

- social needs include healthcare, entertainment, education, etc.

- urban areas can provide these better

Higher Population=Less resources because you’re sharing with more people and they get used faster.

It’s harder to shrink a rapidly growing population

- Job shortages

- Housing shortages

- more schools needed

- more sick people, more babies, etc.

Labor shortages, loss of heritage

Population’s ability to reproduce

Average number of children women have in the reproductive years

Number of births needed to keep a stable population

Number of live births per 1000 of population in a year

Crude birth rate - crude death rate

Sub-Saharan Africa has highest RNI

Stable Population, doesn’t increase or decrease

Projected amount of time it’ll take a population to double

When/how societies approach death

Number of deaths per 1000 live births of kids under 1

Ex: 10 infant deaths for every 1000 births

Number of deaths per 1000 live births of kids under 5

Ex: 10 child deaths for every 1000 births

Number of deaths in a specific area per 1000 people

Average number of years people expect to live

- varies by region

People leaving an area

- affects population and population structure

People entering an area

- affects population and population structure

- Women’s Role in Society

- Religious views on BC and abortion

- Elders wanting kids to take care of them

Pro and Anti Natal Policies

- Higher Economic Development=Lower BR

- Kids are seen and work assets in Agrarian Society

- Kids are seen as economic liabilities in developed countries

More educated women=lower BR bc women are more financially independent

Better healthcare=lower BR

- parents in LDC have 7 kids with the expectation of 2 dying bc of poor healthcare, so they have more kids to counter act that. With better healthcare, parents don’t have to worry about their kids dying and have.

World population grows exponentially while resource supplies grow arithmetically leading to a lack of resources.

His solution: don’t assist poor people as they’re the cause of overpopulation.

- didn’t account for technological advances

- didn’t consider how migration would redistribute the population

believe the population will outstrip resources and that overpopulation needs to be addressed now

- survival of the fittest, social Darwinism, lifeboat ethics, cutting aid and restricting resource from LDCs

Believe humans will solve any problem with human ingenuity

- increased population will motivate scientific development

Founded Cornucopian Theory

Encourage pregnancy to increase population growth.

- baby schemes

- parental leave

- childcare costs offsets

Discourage pregnancy to control/slow population growth.

2.1 births per woman

- increase immigration

- Increase women’s access to healthcare

- financial incentives for giving birth

- parental leave policies

- Improve women’s educational, political, social, etc. status

- Implement laws to regulate the number of kids

Financial incentive to have kids

- pro-natal policy

time off work after having a kid

- pro-natal policy

government assists with childcare costs

- pro-natal policy

- worker shortage

- cost of caring for the elderly (retirement homes, etc)

- Future Job shortage

- Need more Education infrastructure

- Stress on prenatal/child Health Care

- Housing shortage

Comparison of Old and Young Dependents to Working-Age Independents

- More dependents=more support needed

Laws that restrict to number of kids a family can have

- anti-natal policy

Economic Opportunities

Factors that impel/push people AWAY from an area

Factors that compel/pull people TO an area

Changes or lack thereof of societal norms

When the push factor only affects a certain demographic.

Lack of economic opportunities (jobs)

Natural Disasters

war, conflict, oppressive government, fear of persecution, etc.

Favorable Climate

Religious freedom, similar ethnic groups, language, education, entertainment

- New job opportunity

- Lower Cost of Living

- Higher Salary

when the pull factor relates to the push factor

ex: refugees fleeing war are pulled to peaceful places

Political freedom, stable govt, more favorable laws, fewer restrictions

The long-term relocation of an individual/group to another area

Migration within an area

Denser and closer places have more pull on migrants than smaller and distant places

ex: Mexican migrants moving to the USA would go to San Antonio rather than Iowa

long-distance migration i done in steps

- Assistance with the migration/transition process

ex: job opportunities, assistance programs, positive perception of immigrants, etc.

- Hinders the migration/transition process

ex: challenging physical geography, restrictive immigration policies, cultural/language barrier, negative perception of immigrants, etc.

return of migrants to their original area

- every migration wave triggers counter migration

movement on a closed route that happens on a regular basis.

- Area in which you go about your daily routine

- Type of Cyclical Movement

ex: commuting

- Purposeful movement along specific routes

- Type of Cyclical Movement

ex: pastoral nomads move their animals to water sources and pastures an a regular basis

Someone choosing to move because of pull factors

ex: transhumance, seasonal movement, college students

Moving animals up mountains in summer and back down in winter

Seasonal movement for work

domino effect of one person migrating influencing others to migrate

LEGAL immigrant who has a work visa

- short-term migration

- money sent to relatives in other country

- important part of economy for LDCs

Migration to rural/suburban areas to urban areas

When people are forced to migrate

When people choose to leave an area due to push factors and probably won’t survive if they stay

Refugee seeking legal protection

- impelled migrant

- crosses borders

A

B

C

D

Bar graph that shows age-sex population distribution

2

3

2/3

2

4/5