The Napoleonic Era 

First consul

As the first consul, Napoleon had the power to make laws, direct diplomacy, and appoint ministers, high officials, and judges.

Holy Alliance

Holy Alliance: composed of Austria, Prussia, and Russia, it aimed to maintain international order.

Battle of Waterloo

The Battle of Waterloo was the endpoint of the Napoleonic Wars.

fourth Constitution

In 1799, the fourth Constitution since the beginning of the revolution was made, with no preamble and no declaration of rights.

Principle of European Equilibrium

Principle of European Equilibrium: aimed to stop the strengthening of any power, preventing them from achieving hegemony.

Napoleon

Napoleon recognized the agricultural changes of the Jacobin period.

Italy

In Italy, individual taxes were doubled, in addition to confiscations and exemptions against the Catholic Church.

Napoleon

Born in 1769, Bonaparte grew up in Corsica and was the son of anti-French revolutionaries.

Congress of Vienna

The fundamental objectives of the Congress were to preserve the reigning dynasties and create an anti-hegemonic balance.