Studied by 0 peopleBoyle’s laws
pressure of a gas varies inversely with it’s volume (P1V1- P2V2 )
Boyle’s Laws equation states that..
as pressure increases volume decreases, as pressure decreases volume increases
___ pressure is around 4 mmHg less than _______
intrapleural, intrapulmonary
Inhalation/Inspiration
active process, brain sends impulses to respiratory mm (diaphragm and external intercostals)
Exhalation/Expiration
passive process, impulses from brain decreases, respiratory mm relax, elastic tissue recoils, alveoli compressed
how does forceful exhalation occur?
abdominal muscles and internal intercostals
What are the pressure changes during inhalation?
Intrapulmonary volume increases as muscles contract, Ppul falls below Patm so air rushes in
why does air rush into the lungs once Ppul is below Patm?
equalize pressure to match Ppul and Patm
What are the pressure changes during exhalation?
Intrapulmonary volume decreases as muscles relax, Ppul rises above Patm so air rushes out
Tidal volume
amount of total air for normal breathing
minute respiratory volume
amount of total air for normal breathing in a minute
minute respiratory volume equation
MRV- TV ( respiration/minute)
Inspiratory preserve
Amount of air taken in with most deepest inhalation
Expiratory preserve
Amount of air expelled with most forceful exhalation
Residual Air
amount of air remaining in lungs after forceful exhalation
vital capacity
total amount of air with deepest inhale and forceful exhale
vital capacity equation
VC- TV + IR + ER
what % of tidal volume goes to dead space?
30%
what is the dead space?
portion of air that doesn’t get to alveoli (remains in bronchi, etc)
what is a risk with dead space for alveoli?
if gas exchange prevented, can result in alveoli joining dead space = COPD
what does COPD stand for?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Dalton’s laws of partial pressure
total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is the sum each gases pressure
Henry’s law
when gas in contact with liquid, gas will dissolve in proportion to partial pressure
what does the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid depend on?
solubility of gas, temperature of liquid
put CO2, O2 and Nitrogen in order from least to most soluble
N2, O2, CO2
how does temperature of a liquid effect how much gas is dissolved?
higher temperatures decrease solubility
what factors influence gas exchange?
partial pressure gradients and gas solubility, ventilation-perfusion coupling, structural characteristics of membranes
where does external respiration happen and what is involved?
alveoli & capillary, O2 from lung to blood, CO2 from blood to lung
partial pressure gradients and solubility: O2
O2 diffuses down gradients from alveoli (100 mmHG) to pulmonary capillary (40 mmHg)
partial pressure gradients and solubility: CO2
CO2 diffuses from gradients from pulmonary capillary (46 mmHg) to alveoli (40 mmHg)
ventilation and perfusion coupling: o2
changes in alveolar PO2 affect diameter of terminal arterioles so blood flow to directed to better ventilated alveoli
ventilation and perfusion coupling: CO2
changes in alveolar PCO2 affect diameter of bronchioles so air flow is directed to better eliminate CO2
Which alveoli would blood flow be directed to? Alveoli with P02 60 or alveoli with PO2 100?
Alveoli with PO2 100, better ventilated + more O2
Structural characteristics of respiratory membrane
healthy lungs have thin respiratory membranes and HUGE surface area
what causes thickened respiratory membranes?
pneumonia, Left heart failure (fluid build up)
what causes decreased surface area of lungs?
emphysema, tumors, excessive mucus, inflammation
how do gases move in internal respiration
O2 from blood to tissue, CO2 from tissue to blood
Internal respiration: systematic gas exchange: O2
O2 diffuses down gradient from systematic capillaries (100 mmHg) to tissue (40 mmHg)
Internal respiration: systematic gas exchange: CO2
CO2 diffuses down gradient from tissue (46 mmHg) to systematic capillaries( 40 mmHg)
Note
Flashcard