AP Human Geo Unit 5 Vocab

An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and nuts, fruits, and vegetables

A type of climate found in the areas just north or south of the equator, where weather is usually hot and moist.

Use of large amounts labor and/or capital on a piece of land to increase its agricultural productivity

the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants

Growing specialized crops such as bananas, coffee, and cacao in tropical developing countries, primarily for sale to developed countries.

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.

An agricultural system characterized by lower inputs of labor per unit land area; often practiced on larger amounts of land such as ranching

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals over open pastoral lands. As plant life and water are used up and consumed in one area, nomads herd their animals to the next plot of land

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.

Way in which people living in rural and agricultural areas are arranged, includes clustered, dispersed and linear

A rural settlement where buildings are clustered around a particular point; can allow for sharing of machines and buildings

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages; can allow for larger farms

A rural settlement pattern characterized by buildings distributed along a straight line typically around a road, river or other physical feature; many farms are long and narrow

A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries (bounds) and measurements of the land (metes).

Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). Ranges were then broken into smaller parcels to be sold or given to people to develop.

divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans

an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began

A valley and early civilization along the Indus River

areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock began

The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Eurasia (Old World) and the Americas (New World)

Dating back 10,000 years, achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

18th and 19th Century; advancements in tools and machinery to make agriculture more efficient and productive with fewer farmers

Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations; mid to late 1900s

developed during Green Revolution; increased amount of crop production; pest and drought resistant; ex. wheat, rice

farming that uses machines to increase production and efficiency

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or crop

different land users are prepared to pay different amounts, the bid rents, for locations at various distances from the city center; higher land prices closer to market/city center

A chain of activities from the manufacturing to the distribution of a product

a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

A model that explains the location of agricultureal activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market

a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer

product grown with the intent of selling it to other countries for profit

Release of harmful materials into the environment

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.

Carving small, flat plots of land from hillsides to use for farming

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals for specific purposes.

any substance such as manure or a mixture of nitrates used to make soil more fertile

A chemical intended to kill insects and other organisms that damage crops.

The practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a city.

A process in which consumers buy shares from local farmers in exchange for weekly produce

increasing the economic value of a commodity through particular production processes to increase consumer appeal, e.g., organic produc, free-range chickens, hormone-free beef

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.

Purchasing food from nearby farms to minimize the pollution created from the transportation of food around the world

the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

an area typically in a highly populated, lower income urban environment, where healthy, fresh food is difficult to find

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe; takes up agricultural land or potential agricultural land

an organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species; used in crops to increase productivity, pest resistance and other beneficial traits

Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

salt buildup in the soil

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land

plowed but not sowed; uncultivated

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

regions of the planet that share a common climate and biological makeup of plants and animals

Population growth compels subsistence farmers to consider new farming approaches that produce enough food to take care of the additional people.

A grass yielding grain for food. ex. oats, wheat, rye, or barley

An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter.

ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

The seasonal migration of livestock and their herders between mountains and lowland pastures.

A good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country.

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.