apwh unit 7

called for complete modernization of the ottoman empire around its decline

young turks

1) secularization of schools and law codes

2) establishment of political elections

3) imposition of Turkish language

implementing nationalistic policies alienated ottoman minorities like the arabs

revolution against authoritarian rule of Nicholas the second, resulted in constitution, legalization of labor unions, and political parties

led by Marxist visionary Vladimir Lenin who led the Bolsheviks (successful and established a communist state, Soviet union!!!!)

1) taiping rebellion (cost millions of lives)

2) loss of opium wars

3) loss of sino-japanese war

led boxer rebellion against qing authorities

established new provisional government in China, ending rule of emperors. (didn’t last!!)

ruled china as communist leader

porfirio Diaz led Mexico as dictator and was ousted

francisco madero (assassinated after 2 years)

pancho villa and emiliano zapata (not rlly successful in getting power)

a republic with a new constitution

1) universal male suffrage

2) minimum wage

3) removal of Catholic church from political and economic power

1) militarism

2) alliances

3) imperialism

4) nationalism

germany, Italy, austro-hungarian empire

britain, France, russia

alliances created military mobilization plans just in case of war (built railroads)

serbian nationalist gavrilo princip shoots archduke franz ferdinand of austro-hungary

war requiring mobilization of a country’s entire population, both military and civilian, in order to fight

propaganda campaigns

1) machine guns

2) chemical gas

3) tanks

militaries dig miles of trenches for protection (led to years of stalemates)

call colonial troops (india, Africa, etc. they did in hopes of freedom)

sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmerman telegram

germany (Woodrow Wilson didn’t wanna!!)

borrowed money from US banks

created by vladimir Lenin in the soviet union that introduced limited free market principals and made the biggest institutions remain under state control

created by Joseph Stalin aiming to multiple Soviet industrial capacity by 5

merging small privately owned farms into large collective farms owned by the state (happened in Soviet union, hurt ukraine)

soviet wealthy land-owning class, rejected collectivization

stalins agricultural policies starving Ukrainians to death

stock market crash of 1929

fdr great depression policy putting people to work on infrastructure projects, introduced gov sponsored retirement program, and created gov medical insurance for elderly and children

ww2

republic of turkey

middle eastern territories become mandates administered by the league of nations, three-tiered structure used to classify territorial holdings

states should rule themselves (believed by Woodrow Wilson)

1) class c mandates (smallest population, least developed. treated as colonies. islands in the Pacific!!!!!!!)

2) class b mandates (large populations, underdeveloped. germany’s African colonies!!!!!!!)

3) class a mandates (large populations, sufficiently developed)

japanese puppet state in china

1) Indian national congress (formally petitioning the British gov for greater degrees of self rule in India)

2) African national congress

leader of Indian national Congress and lead peaceful protests against the British

obtaining equal rights for colonial subjects in south africa

aimed for equality of all black people

after ww2

1) unsustainable peace (treaty of Versailles blamed Germany)

2) continued imperialism (italy invading Ethiopia, Japan invading china)

3) economic crisis

4) fascism/totalitarian rule

didnt receive promised land grants

1) forced to pay reparations, ruined their economy

2) forced demilitarization

3) war guilt clause

adolf hitler

giving a country what they want to avoid war

political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and militaristic means to achieve its goals

benito mussolini

1) lowered standards of living

2) social security & public services

1) cancel reparations payments

2) remilitarize germany

3) territorial expansion

4) eliminate “impure” races (Jews!!)

hitler invaded poland

germany, Italy, Japan (all fascist)

britain, France, Soviet union, the united states

soviet union

pearl harbor

1) fascism

2) communism

3) democracy

persuasion

japanese forced into internment camps

ghettos + concentration camps

shock and awe strategy aimed to eliminate the enemy with incredible speed (Germany, got rid of trenc

small clusters of explosive devices meant to fall in urban areas and start fires (used by allies in Dresden, Germany and Tokyo, Japan)

single blast could destroy entire city, created by usa

hiroshima + nagasaki

bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

1) two world wars

2) new technologies (aerial warfare, atomic bomb)

3) rise of extremist political ideologies

ottomans murdered armenians out of fear of them supporting invading enemies

hitler’s plan to purify the German race, killing Jews + Roma + homosexuals + disabled

largest German concentration camp, millions killed in gas chambers

khmer rouge under pol pot tried erasing remnants of western influence, sending education population to labor camps