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Drug Excretion
Irreversible removal of drug in the body
polar,
charged,
hydrophilic,
lipophobic,
ionized
Requirements for excretion
Renal Excretion
Biliary Excretion
2 major processes for Drug Excretion
Renal Excretion
important in all drug excretions
Nephron
Functional unit of drug excretions
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Secretion
Tubular Reabsorption
3 Types of Renal Excretions
Glomerular Filtration
Passive process
Filtered: small, free drug (MW: <300)
Either ionized or unionized
NON-saturable
Estimated considering the creatinine clearance (volume/min)
Tubular Secretion
Req: Large and Bound
Active process
Has active transport system
Organic anions (deprotonated forms of weak acids)
Organic cations (protonated forms of weak bases)
Two energy requiring Tubular secretion
Tubular Reabsorption
can be Passive (important) or Active Process
Only unionized forms are absorbed
Iron Trapping
A process to increase the excretion:
basic drug (Sodium Bicarbonate)
Acidic drug toxicity → give __
acidic drug (Vitamin C& NH4Cl)
Basic drug toxicity → give __
Warfarin
Example of a drug that is highly protein bind
Biliary Excretion Rate
Favors compounds w/: MW: >300 & both polar, lipophilic groups
Enterohepatic Cycling
drugs excreted in the bile will be deconjugated in the intestine by bacterial flora, liberating the free that can be reabsorb back if it is lipid soluble
Morphine &
Digoxin
drugs that undergo enterohepatic cycling:
Pulmonary Excretion
Salivary Excretion
Skin Excretion
Mammary Excretion
4 minor routes of drug excretion
Pulmonary Excretion
this excretes Volatile substances & gases (NO & ethanol)
Unionized, lipid-soluble → excreted through passive diffusion
Ionized, hydrophilic → must be small sized
Requirements for Salivary excretion:
caffeine,
theophylline
examples of an unionized, lipid-soluble that is excreted through saliva
urea,
glycerol
examples of an Ionized, hydrophilic that is excreted through saliva
Urticaria,
Dermatitis
Drug excretion through skin may cause:
Heavy metals
Ethanol
Examples of skin excretion
weak base
Which will concentrate more in breast tissue?
weak base or weak acid
Morphine,
Codeine,
Ethanol,
Nicotine
Examples of drugs that are excreted through mammary
↑ kidney failure
↓ GFR =
↑ excretion
↑ GFR = _ excretion
↑ excretion
↑ secretion rate = _ excretion
↓ excretion
↑ reabsorption rate = _ excretion
↓ excretion
↑ protein binding = _ excretion
↑ B/G solubility
___B/G solubility – slow excretion (ethanol)
↓ B/G solubility
___B/G solubility – fast excretion (nitrous oxide)
C. Ion trapping
What term describes the alteration of urinary pH to inhibit reabsorption of toxins across the renal tubular membranes
A. Enterohepatic cycling
b. drug permeation
C. Ion trapping
D. renal reabsorption
D. Enterohepatic cycling
The rate of excretion is calculated by the following, except:
A. tubular secretion
B. tubular reabsorption
C. Glomerular filtration
D. Enterohepatic cycling
C. Distribution
Elimination refers to the following processes, except:
A. Metabolism
B. Excretion
C. Distribution
D. NOTA
A. unionized drug
Which of the following drug forms are reabsorbed in the renal tubules?
A. unionized drug
B. ionized drug
C. polar drug
D. AOTA
D. AOTA
What will happen if a basic drug is given to a nursing mother?
A. the drug will diffuse to the breast tissue
B. the drug becomes ionized in the breast tissue
C. the drug will be trapped in the breast tissue
D. AOTA
Passive
Passive or Active?
Glomerular Filtration
Active
Passive or Active?
Tubular Secretion
Passive and Active
Passive or Active?
Tubular Reabsorption
Active
Passive or Active?
biliary excretion