MC3

label the parts

1. Body tube

2. Revolving nose piece

3. Low objective

4. Medium objective

5. High objective

6. Stage clips

7. Diaphragm

8. Light source

9. Ocular lens

10. Arm

11. Stage

12. Coarse adjustment knob

13. Fine adjustment knob

14. Base

1. mode of transmission

2. Give an example of disease

1. Vector borne

2. Dengue fever, malaria, west nile virus, leeping sickness

Give three factors that affect microbial growth

1. Availability of nutrients

2. Moisture

3. Temperature

4. pH

5. Osmotic pressure and salinity

6. Barometric pressure

7. Gaseous atmosphere

TRUE OR FALSE

Cells are composed of 70% to 95% of water

True

Identify the following structures seen in prokaryotes

1. Capsule

2. Slime layer

1. Type of bacteria

2. Morphology

1. Streptococcus pyogenes

2. Streptococci

Type of flagella

Peritrichous

Type of flagella

Monotrichous

Type of flagella

Lophotrichous

Type of flagella

Amphitrichous

Identify numbered structures (prokaryote basic structure)

1. Ribosomes

2. Plasma membrane

3. Pili

4. Cell wall

5. Cytoplasm

6. Flagellum

7. DNA

Identify numbered parts

1. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

3. Nucleolus

4. Nucleus

5. Cytoplasm

6. Mitochondria

7. Golgi apparatus

1. Identify the mark structure

2. This structure is also named as

1. Plasmid

2. Extrachromosomal DNA

Identify the structure pointed by the arrow

Endospore

Sterile technique/ surgical asepsis

Clean technique/ Medical asepsis

Antiseptic and disinfectant

Disinfectant

1. Type of device

2. What type of heat is used in this device

1. Autoclave

2. Moist heat

Incineration

Dry heat

Killing bacteria using heat of sun

Desiccation

Radiation (targets the bacterial DNA)

Filtration (micropore filters to filter bacteria)

Morphology

Streptobacilli

Used to eliminate pathogens from milk and most other beverages

Pasteurization

TRUE OR FALSE

Pasteurization is a sterilization procedure because it destroys all microbes

False - not all microbes are destroyed

Reduction of microbial populations to levels considered safe by public health standards, such as those applied to restaurants

Sanitization

Presence of pathogens in blood or tissues

Sepsis

The absence of pathogens

Asepsis

Most practical, efficient, and inexpensive method of sterilization of those inanimate objects and materials that can withstand high temperatures

Heat

Frequently used means of cleaning delicate equipment

Ultrasonic waves

1. Type of method

2. Purpose

1. Filtration

2. Inhibit the entry of microorganisms

Inhibit the growth of microorganisms by altering the atmosphere in which they are located

Gase

Microorganism that grow best at high temperatures

Thermophiles

Microbes that grow best at moderate temperatures

Mesophiles

Microbes that prefer cold temperature

Psychrophiles

The study of the occurrence, determinants, and distribution of health and disease within health care settings

Health care epidemiology

Which of the following is true about the difference between microbial and microbistatic agents?

microbial agents kill microorganisms while microbistatic agents inhibit the growth of microorganisms

Which of the following strategies is considered to be a specific method for breaking the chain of infection?

obtaining immunizations against common pathogens

These types of carriers have completely recovered from the disease, but still have the ability to transmit the pathogen

Active carriers

Often known as “disease detectives”

Epidemiologist

Present or incubating at the time of hospital admission

Community-acquired infection

An infection that results from medical or surgical treatment (i.e., an infection that is caused by a surgeon another physician, or some other health care worker)

Iatrogenic infection

Give one example of iatrogenic infection

1. surgical site infection

2. urinary tract infection

TRUE OR FALSE

Iatrogenic infections are type of HAI, but not all HAIs are iatrogenic infection

true

Diseases caused by pathogens

Infectious disease

if the infectious disease is transmissible from one human to another (person to person)

Communicable diseases

Give two examples of communicable disease

1. COVID-19

2. Chickenpox

3. Common cold

4. Influenza

5. HIV

Communicable disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another

Contagious diseases

Four most prevalent bacteria that causes HAI in US hospitals

1. clostridium difficile

2. staphylococcus aureus

3. klebsiella pneumoniae

4. escherichia coli

Pathogen are transferred from one infected person to another person without a contaminated intermediate object or person

Direct contact

Happens when pathogens are transferred via a contaminated intermediate object or person

Indirect contact

transmit infection when they travel from the respiratory tract of an infectious individual ( sneezing or coughing ) to susceptible mucosal surfaces of a recipient

Droplet transmission

Occurs with dissemination of either airborne droplet nuclei or small particles containing pathogens

Airborne transmission

1. Type of mode of transmission

2. Give one example of disease

1. Vehicle borne

2. Malaria

Studies the structural and functional manifestations of disease and is involved in diagnosing diseases in individuals

pathologist

Infectious disease that humans acquire from animal sources

Zoonotic disease

It is defined as the number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period (i.e., the number of new cases of chlamydia in the US during 2016)

Incidence

Expressed as the number of new cases of a particular disease that occurred during specified time period and per a specifically defined population ( for every 100 citizens, you would expect to find 497 cases of chlamydia )

Morbidity rate

The number of cases of the disease existing in a given population during a specific time period (e.g., the total number of cases of gonorrhea that existed in the US population during 2017)

period prevalence

the number of cases of the disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time (e.g., the number of cases of malaria in the US population at this moment)

point prevalence

A disease that occurs only rarely and without regularity within the population of a particular geographic area

Sporadic disease

A disease that is always present within the population of a particular geographic area

Endemic diseases

Defined as a greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region, usually occurring within a relatively short period of time.

Epidemic diseases

1. West nile virus

2. Monkeypox infection

3. Fungal meningitis

4. Measles

5. Seoul virus

6. Mumps

7. Waterborne disease outbreaks

Epidemic diseases

A disease that occurs in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously - sometimes worldwide.

Pandemic

1. Spanish flu

2. HIV

3. AIDS

4. TB

Pandemic diseases

Factors pertaining to the pathogen

1. Virulence of the pathogen

2. A way for the pathogen to enter the body

3. The number of organisms that enter the body

Factors pertaining to the host

1. The person’s health status

2. The person’s nutritional status

3. Lifestyle, socioeconomic, occupation, travel, hygiene, substance abuse, immune status

Factors pertaining to the environment

1. Geographic location, climate, heat, cold, humidity, season of the year

2. Availability of appropriate reservoir

3. Sanitary and housing conditions, adequate water disposal, and adequate healthcare

4. Availability of potable water

1. The pathogen (source of infection)

2. Reservoir

3. Portal of exit

4. Mode of transmission

5. Portal of entry

6. Susceptible host

Strategies for breaking the chain of infection

1. prevent contact with infectious substances from exit pathways

2. eliminate means of transmission

3. block exposure to entry pathways

4. practicing effective hand hygiene procedures

5. maintaining good nutrition and adequate rest and reduce stress

Carry the pathogen without ever having had the disease. They are said to be asymptomatic

Passive carriers

A person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubation period of a particular infectious disease

Incubatory carrier

Harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen during while recovering from an infectious disease

Convalescent period

Have completely recovered from the disease, but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely

Active carriers

Example of animate reservoir

1. people

2. insect

3. birds

4. other animals

inanimate reservoir

1. soil

2. water

3. food

4. feces

5. intravenous fluid

6. equipment

Most common types of Health Care-Associated Infections

1. Clostridium difficile- associated gastrointestinal disease (antibiotic-associated bacteria)

2. UTIs, most which are catheter related

3. Surgical infections

4. Lower respiratory tract infections (primarily pneumonia)

5. Bloodstream infection (septicemia)

Most common organism causing HAI

clostridium difficile (anaerobic, spore-forming, gram + bacillus; indigenous microbiota of the colon)

Patients most likely to develop Health Care-associated infections

Immunosuppressed patients

1. elderly patients

2. women in labor and delivery

3. premature infants and newborns

4. surgical and burn patients

5. patients with diabetes or cancer

6. patients with cystic fibrosis

7. patients having an organ transplant

8. patients receiving treatment with steroids, anticancer drugs, radiation

9. patients who are paralyzed

three major factors that combine to cause HAIs

1. drug-resistant pathogens

2. failure to follow infection control guidelines

3. increased number of immunosuppressed patients

Primary way to reduce the number of HAIs

strict compliance with infection control guidelines

A microorganism that causes an HAI presenting with colon inflammation and a highly contagious form of diarrhea

Clostridium difficile

Who has the highest rates in developing HAIs?

patients in the ICU

Grow in high salt concentration

Halophiles

Father of asepsis

Joseph Lister

Dengue Fever is considered -- in Cebu

Endemic

Vector for Malaria

mosquito

Surgical asepsis is practiced in

operating rooms

This is the single most important measure to reduce the risks of transmitting pathogens from one patient to another or from one anatomic site to another on the same patient

Handwashing

This can kill all the microbes except the large number of bacterial spores

High level disinfectant

1. Name of bacteria

2. Morphology

1. Staphylococcus aureus

2. staphylococci

1. Name of bacteria

2. Morphology

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae

2. lancet-shaped diplococci

1. Name of bacteria

2. Morphology

1. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

2. kidney bean-shaped diplococci

1. Name of bacteria

2. Morphology

1. Neisseria meningitidis

2. kidney bean-shaped Diplococci

1. Name of bacteria

2. Morphology

1. Corynebacterium diphtheriae

2. Club shaped bacilli

1. Name of bacteria

2. Morphology

3. Type of spore

1. Clostridium botulinum

2. Bacilli

3. Subterminal spore

1. Name of bacteria

2. Morphology

3. Type of spore

1. Clostridium tetani

2. Bacilli (drumstick or tennis racket appearance)

3. Terminal spore

1. Name of bacteria

2. Morphology

1. Vibrio cholerae

2. Comma-shaped bacilli/ spiral-shaped bacilli