AP Bio 1.1-1.2

1. Order,

2. regulation

3. growth and development

4. energy processing

5. response to environment

6. reproductio

7. evolution

below class and above families in the taxonomy

the ability to maintain stability in changing conditions

The ability to grow and develop with age

an ability to respond to environmental stimuli

the process of producing offspring

the ability of a species to change over long periods of time, specifically responses to the environment they live in

quality that appears as biological complexity increases

the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment

All the different populations that live together in an area

groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

individual living things

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

All living organisms are composed of cells

All cells are enclosed by a membrane, which regulates what enters and leaves the cell

cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Eukaryotic

deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material contained within chromosomes.

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

DNA in nucleus

Nucleotides

The structure of DNA allows it to store information because each strand contains nucleotides, which encode information in genes.

All organisms contain the same nucleotides but they may be in different sequences.

Differences in the nucleotide sequence

1. Using the information in the sequence of DNA nucleotides the cell makes mRNA

2. The cell translates the information in the sequence of the mRNA nucleotides to make a series of linked amino acids

3. The chain of amino acids folds into the specific shape of a crystalline protein. These proteins help to focus light and help the eye to see.

Amino Acids

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organism

Organisms that produce their own food, usually by means of photosynthesis

Chemical

An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains or by consuming that organism altogether.

Bacteria and Fungi

the output or product of a process regulates that very process

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

a change in global or regional climate patterns

A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.

This is done by using the Taxonomy. First name the genus, then use a name specific to the genus.

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Bacteria, Archaea

Eukarya

Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animalia, Protists

They are less closely related to other protists than other animals.

The most diverse and widespread prokaryotes on Earth.

They can live in Earth's most extreme climates, they are single-called organisms.

Characterized by how they obtain nutrients, through photosynthesis.

Multicellular organisms that obtain nutrients through their environment.

Multicellular organisms that obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms.

Mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are relatives of simple eukaryotic organisms.

On the Origins of the Species (1859)

1. Natural selection causes descent with modification.

2. Species adapt to new environments over time.

1. There is variation in traits.

2. A population produces more offspring than will survive, so competition exists for survival.

3. Species are suited to their environments (They have adapted over time to better survive in the environments where they live).

1. Individuals with inherited traits are best suited for their environments and are more likely to survive to reproductive age.

2. Over generations, those who survive to reproductive age will produce offspring with more advantageous traits.

3. Evolution is linked to reproductive success.

Darwin did this because the environment naturally weeds out those who have traits that don't help them to survive and in turn, this allows stronger individuals to reach reproductive age.

1. There is a population with various inherited traits.

2. The elimination of the individuals with traits that make them more visible.

3. Reproduction among those who survive.

4. Increased frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success because those who could not survive were eliminated.

An adaptation

1. A significant amount of the population was not immune to DDT compared to those who were.

2. The spraying of DDT killed those who were not immune. Those who survived reproduced.

3. Now all mosquitoes are immune to DDT, rendering DDT useless in killing them.

Darwin believed that ancestral species would become two or more different species due to being isolated in different environments where there are different sources of food, different predators, and different conditions.

The splitting of an ancestral species into one or more different subspecies.

When the ancestral finch left the Galapagos island that it originated in, it needed to adapt for survival. The ancestral finch had a short, stocky beak that was not ideal for obtaining food. As time went on, the finch began to develop a larger, thicker beak that allowed it to forage and eat more efficiently. So, in the longterm, the Large Ground Finch evolved to have a large, strong beak to better eat seeds.

Is caused by the variation in inheritable traits and differential reproduction.

How successful an organism is at passing its genetic information to its offspring.

Mutations in DNA

Natural Selection occurs in an species, evolution occurs in a population.

Unity is present through a common ancestor, from which we have shared DNA. ( ALL living organisms use DNA to store and transmit hereditary information ) Diversity is due to adaptations and evolution over time.