Bio test 2

Gigantism and acromegaly

Growing when they shouldn’t be

Dwarfism

Did not get exposed to enough growth hormone

Osteoporosis

Bone density is up until 20-30s and stays the same between 40-50 after age of 50 there is a decrease in bone density

Bruise formation

6-8 hours

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

3 weeks

Sesamoid bones

Develop in places with high friction, tension or physical stress

Appendicular

Arms and shoulder. Girdle and legs pelvic girdle

Axial

Head rib cage sternum and spine

Primary tissue

Support and hold you upright against gravity

Secondary riddle

protection for your skull and brain rib cage for heart and lungs

Red bone marrow

Blood cells are produced in

Calcium, phosphate

Hard part

Yellow bone marrow

Fats

Long bone

A bone that is longer than it is wide

Clavicle, radius, ulna, metacarpus

Long bones

Red bone marrow

Stem cell tissue for red blood cells white blood cells and platelets

Found: spaces of spongy bone

Children

Red bone marrow is found in all bones

Adults

Red bone marrow is only found in long bones

Ossification

Formation of bone

Intramembranous ossification

Night before (rushed) head and teeth

Endochondral ossification

Rough draft (takes time) long bones

Chondrocytes

Cartilage cells ( connective tissue that works as padding between bones)

Osteoblasts

Cells that secrete calcium mixture

Osteocytes

Bone cells that send out hormones to say build more bone or destroy bone (maintain the lacuna and lamella)

Osteoclasts

Multi nucleated bone eating cells (secrete acid)

Spongy bone

Located in te epiphysis

Vitamin D

Helps your intestines pull out the calcium that you have just eaten and absorb it

Osteons

Repeating units that make up compact bone only.

Central canal

Contains blood vessels in osteoporosis waste and nutrients

Osteocytes

Bone cells mature cells surrounded by calcium mixture

Lacunae

Empty space where the osteocytes live

Canaliculi

Small channels that connect lacunae with each other and to the central canal

Bony matrix

Fills in space between rows of lacunae not solid webbed minerals and proteins

Lamella

The concentric rings of an osteon how it is organized

Periosteum

Outside coating of bone

Remodeling

Changes to bone based on stress can be positive like working out

Parathyroid hormone

Secreted by parathyroid gland and increases osteoclast activity in creases blood calcium level

Calcitonin

Secreted by the thyroid gland increases osteoblast activity and decreases blood calcium level

Calcitonin

If blood calcium level rises beyond a set point, the thyroid releases what to tone it down and increase osteoblast activity

Parathyroid hormone

If blood calcium level falls below a certain. Point then the body releases what which increases osteoclast activity

Sutúrala

Irregular bones

Pneumatized bones

Bones that are hollow or contain numerous pockets ethmoid bone

Sesamoid bone

Vary widely from person to person develop in places with high friction tension or physical stress

Irregular bones

Cannot be grouped into a regular category vertebra

Flat bones

Thin and flat protective function and increase surface area for muscle attachment

SHORT BONES

Roughly equal in length and width ex: tarsals and metacarpals

Long bones

Longer than they are wide slight curves for strength and shatter resistance

Compact bone

Dense and hard bone tissue thick on outside of daiphysis and thin layer on epiphyses

Osteons

Repeating units that make up compact bone only

Cramps

Painful involuntary contraction of muscles usually caused by fatigue or low electrolytes

Smooth muscle

Digestive organs

Autonomic nervous system

Involuntary

Peristalsis

Slower but prolonged contractions pushes and then holds dos not easily fatigue

Rhythmical contraction

Relaxes completely between contractions

Skeletal muscle

Subject to fatigue

Somatic nervous system

You have to think about it

Size

Gluteuiwws Maximus, minimus, medius

Shape

Rhomboid deltoid

Origin

More fixed or stationary point of attachment the start of a muscle

Insertion

More moveable point fo attachment to bone the end of a muscle

Prime mover

The one muscle that does most of the work brachial is

Synergist

Helps the prime mover biceps nrachii

Antagonist

Hash action that oppose the prime mover can only pull a bone

Sarcolemma

Plasma membrane

Rough endoplasmas reticulum

Helps to make calcium and conduct electricity

T tubules

Help spread electrical signal and a deep valley in the sarcolemma

Myofibril

Chain of muscle cells striated

Sarcomere

The functional unit of a skeletal muscle

Z line

Darker than A band

A band

Dark area myosin thick and actin thin combined

Myosin

Thick

Actin

Thin

I band

Light area and actin thin only

Rigor morris

A stiffening of the body caused by chemical changes to the muscle after death

Doms

Delayed onset muscle soreness 12-72 hours after exercise

Motor neuron

Attached to muscles and glands

Motor units

Motor neuron and all muscle fibers that it controls

Fascicle

One bundle of muscle fibers which becomes a tendon

Muscle fiber

Muscle cell

Sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm

Fast twitch fibers

Capable of 30-70 contractions per second

White meat

Low myoglobin

Dark meat

High myoglobin does not fatigue easily

CNS

Brain and spinal cord

PNS

Nerves

Motor division

Tell your skeletal uncles to contract, your heart muscles to beat and your digestive muscles to push

PNS

Sensory input

CNS

Integration and makes a judgement call and spits out a command

PNS

Motor output command reaches motor neuron

Neuron

Capable of generating electricity transmits impulses 20% of nervous system

Neuroglia

Supportive cells supports and protects neurons no transmitting

Schwan cells

Cells that cannot be regenerated or repaired

Nerve

A cord like structure with multiple axons wrapped in fat and tissue

Axon

Extension that is specialized for conducting electrical impulses

Axon hillock

Where electricity is first generated in your body

Myelin sheath

Fatty substance that covers the axon responsible for insulation

Schwann cell

A supportive neuroglial found in PNS

node of ranvier

Gaps between Schwann cells filled with protein pumps active transport

Depolarization

Sodium gates close

Repolarization

Potssium gates open