Chapter 1: The First Civilizations

________ material and human resources were transformed and focused due to building and equipping the pyramids.

________ was understood to not be just one god among many but the one universal God, creator, and ruler of the universe.

________ allowed people of Judah to return to their homeland and rebuild their temple.

________ expanded his state through arms and diplomacy.

________ redefined the role and status of women who had had roughly the same roles and status as men in the Neolithic period.

________ believed that the role of mortals was to serve the gods and feed them through sacrifice.

The ________ held veterinarians, architects, physicians, and boat builders to the standards of professional behavior.

________ was a loosely organized confederation of tribes during its first centuries.

________ were later used to preserve contracts, maintain administrative records, and record significant events, prayers, myths, and proverbs.

Writing allowed for those who mastered it to achieve ________ and control of the government.

________ were extended into Syria, the Arabian Peninsula, and India for metal and stone.

________ was the heart of royal power and the the only limiting force.

________ temporarily transformed the aesthetic of Egyptian court life while trying to reestablish royal divinity.

________ replaced temple worship with study of the Toray during their exile.

________ put pressure on the local food supply.

________ normally protected local customs, religion, and society.

The ________ was ato administer estates, channel revenues and labor towards vast public works projects, and administer estates.

________ developed into a true system of writing.

Dowries, contracts, ________, wages commercy, money lending, and professional standards for physicians and architects.

________ was a powerful element in Persian civilization.

________ and the Medes settled in Iranian plateau late in the second millennium.

________ and the agricultural revolution were fundamental changes in human culture.

________ modeled their imperial system on that of their predecessors (Assyrians)

________ was the most controversial ruler of the New Kingdom.

________ were a lasting power in the Fertile Crescent.

________ and successors transformed structure of Assyrian state and expanded its empire.

________ is divided into 31 dynasties, regrouped in turn into 4 periods of political centralization.

________ developed speech, religion, and artistic expression.

Expanded ________ meant increased trade and interaction with the rest of the ancient world.

________ owned property, entered legal contracts, conducted their own business, and brought lawsuits.

________ recorded Msopotamian traditions as the stories of the flood, legal traditions strongly reminiscent of those of Hammurabi, and the worship of gods in high places.

Civilization first appeared approximately 3500 years before the ________.

________ increased the power, wealth, and status of two groups.

________ was the cornerstone of Egyptian life.

________ allowed for development of sedentary communities.

________ adopted the traditions of Egyptian kingship and continued the tradition of divine rule.

Writing served to increase the strength of the king in ________.

________ been the site of a small Mesopotamian state threatened by semi- nomads and great powers like the Babyylonains and later the Hittites.

A(n) ________, speaking a language that was a part of linguistic family that included most modern European languages.

________ had the physical appearance and personalities of humans and human virtues and vices.

The earliest sedentary communities in ________ appeared on the western margin of the Nile Delta around 4000 B.C.E.

________ were more independent and more involved in public life when compared with those of Mesopotamia.

________ introduced military technology and organization into Egypt.

________ developed the most sophisticated mathematical system known prior to the 15th century C.E.

________: period following the traditional date of the birth of Jesus.