human geo unit 5

this type of agriculture/climate is practiced in regions with hot dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation. common crops are figs, dates, olives, and grapes

A climate in which it is usually warm year-round and has enough rainfall to support lush vegetation.

practices in which farmers or ranchers use large amounts of inputs, such as energy, fertilizers, labor, or machines to maximize yields

when fruits and vegetables are grown near an urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, an restaurants. this type of farming is intensive and usually requires capital investments of greenhouses and fertilizers

a large commercial farm that specializes in one crop. mostly found in low latitudes with hot, humid climates and substantial rainfall. they are typically labor intensive and often exploit the low-wage labor available in nearby villages and towns

an intensive commercial integrated system that demonstrates an interdependence between crops and animals. on these farms, the majority of the crops are grains that are eaten by the livestock - to fatten cattle for slaughter or to feed dairy cows. the manure is used to help fertilize crops

use fewer amounts of inputs and typically result in less yields.

in this type of subsistent extensive farming, farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two. when the soil loses fertility, they move to another field.

this type of subsistent extensive agriculture is practiced in arid and semi-arid climate throughout the world. nomads rely on the animals for survival. animals such as cattle, camels, reindeer, goats, yaks, sheep, and horses provide meat for food and hides for clothing and shelter. practicians of this type of agriculture trade with nearby subsistence crop farmers

the commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area

the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter

settlement pattern with clustered or nucleated settlements with groups of homes located near each other in a village and fostered a strong sense of place and often shared services, such as schools.

clustered settlement pattern

settlement pattern where farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside. In the US and Canada, governments promoted westward expansion by giving farmers 160 acres if they agreed to reside on it for several years. settlers utilized the wide open land to raise cattle

settlement pattern with buildings and human activities are located close to a body of water or along a transportation route. this pattern along a river was common before industrialization because of the need for fresh water to irrigate crops.

includes long lot, metes and bounds, and township and range

system where metes were often used for short distances and often referred to features of specific points, such as “from the oak tree, 100 yards north, to the corner of the barn”. bounds covered larger areas and were based on larger features such as streams or roads

system where rectangular plots of land were created

french system where farms were long thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river.

the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans

oldest hearth of agriculture, where barley, wheat, lentils, and olives were grown.

agricultural hearth where barley, cotton, wheat, and peas were growth

agricultural hearth where mangos, taro, and coconut were grown

agricultural hearth where squash, peppers, maize, potatoes, and cassava were grown

the global movement of plants and animals between afro-eurasia and the americas. europeans brought hundreds of plants and animals west across the atlantic ocean to the americas and took plants and animals back east

the orgin of farming. it was marked by the domestication of plants and animals. much of the farming during this time was subsistence farming. it began in five hearths. aka the neolithic revolution

an agricultural revolution which began in the 1700s, used the afvances of the industrial revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth. agriculture benefited from mechanization and improved knowledge of fertilizers, soils, and selective breeding patterns

a series of laws enacted by the british government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use

the practice of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soil

an agricultural revolution born out of science, research, and technology which continues today. this revolution expanded mechanization of farming, developed new global agricultural systems, and used scientific and information technologies to further previous advances in agricultural production. it was an effect of technological developments of core countries. aka the third agricultural revolution

strains of crops that produce more food or yield from one farming cycle than other wild varieties

the process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics

the green revolution encouraged the transfer or machinery which assisted in production

agriculture which heavily uses machinery, fertilizers, or pesticide inputs

agriculture which requires lots of labor inputs

crops are grown or animals are raised for consumption of its growers

agriculture with the intent to make profit or sell

the act of growing or raising one type of animal or crop per season on a piece of land

there is usually a distance decay relationship between proximity to the urban market and the value of the land, meaning the closer the land is to an urban center, the more valuable it is.

confined spaces where cattle and hogs have limited movement

the integration of various steps of production in the food processing industry such as research and development, processing and production, transportation, marketing, and retail of agricultural goods.

businesses that operate in many countries

the ownership of other businesses involved in the steps of producing a particular good.

a process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to consumers

the number of people that farmers can support given the available resources

transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip

an economical model that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods

a type of agriculture that includes market gardening/truck farming and dairy farming. these perishable items are the closest zone to the market in the von thunen model

naturally occurring beneficial conditions that would prompt farmers to plant crops differently from those predicted by von thunen model

all the steps required to get a product or service to customers

crops that are not essential to human survival but have a high profit margin. examples are coffee and cocoa beans

A product that is manufactured or grown in one country and then shipped to another country for sale or trade. It is an essential component of international trade and contributes significantly to the global economy.

financial support to farmers to safeguard food production

The presence or introduction into the environment of substances that cause harm or discomfort to living organisms or alter the natural balance of ecosystems.

the study of how land is used and the impact of changing land use

land becoming infertile because of alteration of the natural vegetation in arid areas

when salts from water used by plants remain in the soil. it decreases a plants ability to uptake water and nutrients. this lowers yields and may render soil useless

conservation is the answer

is a farming method that involves the cutting and burning of plants in a forest or woodland to create a field called a swidden. The method begins by cutting down the trees and woody plants in an area.

an agricultural practice that suggests rearranging farmlands or turning hills into farmlands by constructing specific ridged platforms

the process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using dams, canals, pipes, sprinkler systems, or other devices rather than just relying on rainfall

watering equipment rotates around a pivot and delivers specific amounts of water, fertilizer, or pesticides to the field.

the removal of large tracts of forests

low lying areas that contain a significant amount of water at or near the surface

a recent controversial innovation that is used to improve the quality and health of plants and animals. examples are GMO

plants or animals that scientists have modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into DNA of another species. GMO can be more nutritious, resistant to weather and pest related damage, and less susceptible to spoilage

the practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water

using resources in a way that allows for future use

The variety of organisms in a location

A substance or mixture added to soil to enhance the growth and productivity of plants by providing essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

chemical compounds that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants (weeds)

the production of farm goods within an urban area with the goal of providing locally grown food.

brings producers and consumers in a partnership where consumers buy a share, or subscribe to a certain quantity of crops for a season. the food is made available to the consumer throughout the growing season

crops for which consumers are willing to pay more because of special qualities such as organically grown, rare plants, or grass fed beef/ free range chicken and eggs

a set of business practices voluntarily adopted by the producers and buyers of agricultural commodities and hand-made crafts that are designed to advance many economic, social and environmental goals

seeking out food produced nearby

households lack access to adequate food because of limited money or other resources

the unequal opportunities, treatment, or rights of a person based on gender

discriminatory practices that prevent female farmers from reaching potential productivity: women are denied access to finance and capital, women are denied training and education, women are denied property ownership, women have limited mobility, and women lack political power