APUSH Vocab 1890-1920 Part 1 Period 7

This new version was dominated by European powers and Japan. Belgium, Great Britain, and France held control of colonies in Africa. The British and Russia were prevalent in Central Asia, while European powers struggled to dominate China. This expansion of imperial power was justified by saying it would bring modern civilization to the “backward people” outside of Europe. The natives would be instructed in western values, labor practices, and Christianity /eventually they would be allowed to self-govern, but no one was sure how long that would take.

Empire became a synonym for exploitation.

This time was a turning point in America’s relationship with the rest of the world because Americans increasingly thought of themselves as an emerging world power.

• Expanding trade

• Middle class women wanted food + clothing from abroad

Missionaries spread American influence by traveling abroad to spread Christianity while spreading US influence. A small group of late 19th century thinkers promoted American exceptionalism

In his book “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History” (1890) he argued that no nation could succeed w/o a large fleet of ships engaged in international trade, protected by a navy operating from overseas bases. He also argued that Americans must now begin to look outward.

This territory was close to the US through treaties that exempted imports of their sugar from US tariff duties and provided for the establishment of Pearl Harbor. The territories economy was dominated by American owner sugar plantations. US then annexed it in July of 1898. ☹

This event heightened demands for expansion by increasing the belief that more aggressive foreign policy was necessary to stimulate American exports. During this time of social conflict, private organization and gov. promoted a unifying patriotism.

• Pledge of Allegiance and practice of standing fo the “Star Spangled Banner” began.

Cause: A conflict over the value of the nation's currency led lenders to call in their loans. A weakening American currency frightened foreign investors, helping to start a four-year depression.

This was newspapers that promoted nationalistic sentiments and mixed accounts of crime with aggressive appeals to patriotic sentiments.

Cuba had been struggling to gain independence from Spain. There were 10 yrs of warfare after the Cuban revolt of 1868. The INdependence mvt resumed in 1895, which began gaining support in the US (heard about oppressive Spanish Policy and detention camps). Things escalated when an explosion (likely accidental) destroyed American Battleship U.S.S Maine. Yellow press blamed Spain, Spain rejected American demand for ceasefire in Havana Harbor and Cuban independence, so prez Mckinley asked Congress for a Declaration of War.

Lasted April - December 1898

Less than 400 American combat deaths.

Most decisive engagement took place at Manila Bay (Philippine Islands) where the American Navy defeated a Spanish fleet. Having previously shown little interest in imperial expansion before 1848, Mckinney now embraced the idea. 🤔

A enthusiastic expansionist, Roosevelt had long believed that war would reinvigorate the US’s unity. He resigned as assistant secretary of the Navy to send a volunteer cavalry unit to Cuba to fight. It included Ivy league athletes, western cowboys, immigrant group representatives, and American Indians. The army was segregated, and Roosevelt left out the part where the black unit reached the top of San Juan Hill first. Roosevelt was made a national hero.

Beginning as a mission to aid Cubas, the war escalated into an imperial venture that resulted with the US in possession of a small overseas empire. Mckinley didn’t want to return the philippines to Spain or grant them independence. In the treaty that ended the Spanish American war, the US got the Phillipines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

1901 - Before giving Cuba independence, Mckinley forced Cuba’s new government to sign this treaty, which authorized the US to intervene militarily when it saw fit. US also gained permanent lease on naval stations in Cuba. Jose Marti has said “to change masters is not to be free”. Events of 1898 would later inspire another Cuban revolution.

• Guam

• Philippines

• Puerto Rico

1899, Secretary of State John Hay announced this policy demanding that the European powers who had just divided China into commercial spheres of influence give equal access to American exports (money + goods, not people). Although the US banned immigration of Chinese into US, it wanted access to Asian markets and investment opportunities.

Many Cubans, Filipinos, and Puerto Ricans had originally welcomed American intervention of Spanish control. But opinions changed as the US exercised continual control. War broke out after Mckinley decided to retain possession of the Philippines and the island’s provisional gov turned against him. Mckinley's administration justified it by saying it aimed to “uplift and civilize and Christianize”.

The policies tended to serve the interest of land-based local elites (native-born Filipino land owners and American sugar plantations in Hawaii and Puerto Rico). It left poverty to the majority of the rural population. Puerto Rico became a low-wage plantation economy controlled by corporation and by 1920 its people were the poorest in the Caribbean.

Americans treated Filipinos how they treated colored people in America. Americans who supported the Empire idea believed that domination of non-whites by whites was part of the progress of civilization.

These were a series of cases bw 1901-1904 where the Supreme Court determined that the Constitution didn’t fully apply to US territories. The court ordered Congress to recognize the fundamental rights of Filipinos and Puerto Ricans, but otherwise the US could govern them as it wanted for an unlimited time. The 2 central principles of American freedom (no taxation w/o representation + gov. based on consent of the governed) were abandoned in territories.

This territory had a considerable population of American planters and missionaries and became a traditional US territory, with its people becoming US citizens (except Asian laborer immigrants). It became a state in 1959.

This territory achieved independence in 1946.

Today it is an “unincorporated territory”, had been administered by the US navy until 1950.

It got citizenship in 1917 but it is neither a state nor independent. It is a commonwealth, lacking a voice in Congress but able to elect its own government. Issues like defense and environmental policy are controlled by the US.

“The worlds oldest colony”

Established a precedent for American intervention in other countries affairs. In the 20th century, the US would intervene in Latin America over 40 times, to change local govs by direct action or by supporting local military coups.

• Demonstrated the impossibility of a multiracial democracy

• Union of South AFrica followed in US’s footsteps with Apartheid

• US proposals that hadn’t become law also influenced overseas, like literacy test for immigrants.

This group believed Americans efforts should be directed at home. Included writers and social reformers, businessmen afraid of the cost of maintaining overseas markets, and racists who didn’t want to bring non-whites in o the US. This group also argued that the Empire was incompatible with democracy and that Americans mission was to help the world by setting an example of successful self government, not by conquering other people.

The dilemma of how to reconcile with America’s role as an empire with its traditional ideas of freedom had not been resolved.

There was also still questions about the relationship between economic and political liberty, the definition of those entitled citizenship, and the role of gov. in creating conditions of freedom.

Compared to British, french, and German empires, the US’s was quite small. Its empire was also economic, cultural, and intellectual instead of territorial.

This led to an increasing political and military involvement. The “open door” became a key part of American foreign relations.

This policy, created by Woodrow Wilson, rested on the conviction that economic and political progress went hand in hand. It served as a mask for American power and self interest, and inspired sincere efforts to bring freedom to other people.

Roosevelt separated Panama from Columbia in order to facilitate the creation of this structure. In 1903, Roosevelt set off an uprising of conspirators led by a representative of the Panama CAnal Company after Columbia refused to cede land to the US for the project. After Panama's independence was established, Buan Varilla gave the US the right to construct and operate a canal in a special zone. In 1977, Jimmy Carter negotiated treaties that turned over control of the canal zone to Panama in 2000.

It said that the US had the right to exercise “an international police power” in the western hemisphere. It was meant to defend the hemisphere against European intervention and get them to leave it alone.

William Taft saw economic investment and loans from American banks as the best way to spread American influence rather than military intervention.

ex. US pressed for more efficient revenue collection, stable government, and access to land and labor for American Companies in Liberia, Nicaragua, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic

This was the belief that the export of American manufactured goods and investment “went hand in hand w/ the spread of democratic ideas”. To Wilson, US economic expansion meant more than profit, but it would carry liberty and justice.

AFter sending marines to occupy Haiti, and establish a military government in the Dominican Rep, American soldiers built roads and schools that did little to support democracy, In Mexico, a revolution overthrew the government and a military commander assassinated the Mexican President. The US said it would teach Latin Americans to “elect good men”.

1914-1918 The catalyst of this event was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by a Serbian nationalist. Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the European Powers’ alliances brought Britain, France, Russia, and Japan (the Allies) into the war against Austria Hungry, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire (Central Powers).

This event was a blow to the optimism and self-confidence of Western civilization because, for decades, reformers, politicians, and philosophers had celebrated the triumph of modern progress and reform. They had thought that mankind had moved past the days when the dispute was settled by war. The war also shocked European labor and socialist mvts.

The US had originally declared BLANK in WWI.

Originally, many people believed peace was crucial to further efforts to enhance social justice in the US. Religious leaders saw war as a barbaric lapse of a less Christian era. In 1915 however, a German submarine sunk a British liner (Lusitani), killing 1,198 people, including 128 Americans. The event sparked American outrage and strengthened the argument of those who believed the US must finally enter the war.

Germany had announced the suspension of submarine ware against noncombatants in 1916, and it seemed Wilson’s preparedness program had secured American rights to travel the sea. His reelection campaign slogan became “he kept us out of war”. Although the vote was close, Wilson won the election.

This was Wilson’s idea of a world order including freedom of the seas, restrictions on armaments (weapons), and self-determination for all nations. Germany quickly resumed submarine warfare tho.

1917 - It was a message by German foreign secretary Zimmerman Telegram that called on Mexico to join in a war against the US, while promising to aid them recover land lost from the Mexican-American war. It was intercepted by British spies and Wilson asked congress for a declaration of war against Germany, which passed.

Created by Woodrow Wilson, this was a statement of American war aims and Wilson’s vision for a new international order. It tried to assure Americans that the war was being fought for a moral cause. Key principles: self-determination for all people, freedom of the seas, free trade, open diplomacy (no more secret treaties), giving colonized people “equal weight” in their future, and creating an association of nations to preserve peace (League of Nations).

This led to an Allied victory because American troops turned the tide of the war. They contributed lots of manpower and economic resources. At Meuse Argonne, Germany retreated from the Allied offense including British, americans, French, and Belgium. Germany sued for peace 2 days later.

10 million soldiers

100,000 Americans

This group saw the war as an opportunity to reform American society along scientific lines, expanding social justice, and instilling a sense of self-sacrifice and national unity.

24 million men were required to register with the draft.

This regulated elements of war production (ex. distribution of raw materials and the price of manufactured goods). It set standardized specifications on products and made government administrations regulate transportation, labor relations, and agriculture.

This group used propaganda to mobilize pro-war public opinion by creating the CPI (Committee on Public Information) which used journalists artists, advertisers, and academics to spread pro-war propaganda in the form of pamphlets, posters, movies, ads, etc. IT dispatched 25k men to deliver standardized talks. Images of liberty were used to convey freedom, like the Liberty Bell and the Statue of Liberty.

A new generation of college-educated activists pressured for suffrage using demanding tactics including arrests, imprisonments, etc. The National Womens Party leader, Paul, compared Wilson to a German Kaiser (emperor) and organized strikes. In 1920 the NIneteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote, barring states from using gender as a voting qualification.

This was the prohibition of alcohol. People believed that its implementation would bring a more disciplined labor force. Urban reformers thought it would bring a more orderly city environment and weaken political machines. Women reformers thought it would protect women and children from husbands who were violent when drunk, or spent their wages getting drunk.

1917: prohibited spying and interfering with the draft as well as making “false statements” that could slow military success.

ex. Eugene V Debs (a person, not a court case🫥) was convicted in 1918 under this act for an antiwar speech.

1918: made it illegal to speak or print statements that negatively spoke of the government aor that wanted to interfere with war efforts.

Patriotism came to mean support for the government, war, and American economic system while “antiwar” beliefs, labor radicalism, and sympathy for the Russian Revolution became associated with being “un-American”.

During WWI, attitudes toward the American flag became a test of patriotism.

• 33 states outlawed the possession + display of red or black flags (communism and anarchism)

A report in 1911 identified 45 “races” each supposedly with their own inborn characteristics. This shows that Americans accepted race as a permanent, defining characteristic of individuals. Tensions rising from the US increasing ethnic diversity became a major public concern.

This is the study of the different “mental characteristics” of different groups. It gave anti-immigrant sentiment a scientific backing. This taught that social problems (prostitution, poverty) were caused by defective genes, and could be eradicated by controlling reproduction. The Supreme Court sided with this “science”.

ex. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of a law allowing doctors to sterilize inmates in mental institutions to stop them from passing genes on to their children.

America was referred to as a BLANK. By saying this, it is referring to the process of how immigrants were supposed to merge their identity into the American identity. Public + private groups took up this task, such as when the Ford Motor Company’s sociological dept. went to immigrant workers homes to evaluate their clothes, furniture, and food. Ford fired workers who couldn’t adapt to American standards after a period of time.

In Iowa, governor William Harding required all oral communications be in English only, he said that Freedom of Speech only applied to the language of the country. By 1919 many states enacted laws restricting the teaching of foreign language. Common words of German origin were given new names. Communities banned the playing of German music.

This man claimed that IQ could measure an individuals mental capacity. Army recruits using the test seemed to confirm that black and new immigrants were below native white protestants. This spurred demands for restriction on immigration.

Unlike Europeans, Americanization programs didn’t believe that non-white immigrants or blacks would be able to BLANK and assimilate into American culture. Mexicans were classified as white, and many reformers believed that they could BLANK. Yet they were still segregated and faced discrimination. Puerto Ricans were given citizenship, but only to suppress support for Puerto Rican independence. It didn’t give them the right to vote for prez or have representation in Congress. Puerto Rican men were subject to the draft. Asian Americans faced many restrictive policies.

1907 - Japan agreed to end migration to US except for the wives + children of men already in the US.

This was a social construct in which African Americans were excluded from nearly all progressive definitions of freedom. Disenfranchisement in the South meant that few could participate in democracy. They were barred from joining skilled employment or unions. As domestic and agriculture workers, most blacks were poor and couldn’t participate in the new consumer economy. Even settlements house reforms believed segregation was natural and equitable.

• His admin enacted segregation in federal depts in Washington D.C, and dismissed many black federal employees.

• He allowed the film “The Birth of a Nation” which glorified the KKK as the defender of civilization during reconstruction.

He was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. The unifying theme of his career was reconciling the contradiction bw American freedom for whites and the subjucation of blacks. He believed that educated African Americans (like him) should use their education and training to challenge inequality.

His theoretical concept of the 'Talented Tenth” emphasized the education and training in leadership of ten percent of the African-American population.

Organized in 1905 by W.E.B DuBois and other black leaders, this sought to reinvigorate the abolitionist tradition to claim freedoms belonging to a freeborn American. They called for the restoration of black suffrage, an end to segregation, and complete economic and educational equality and opportunity.

NAACP

It launched the struggle for the enforcement of the 14th + 15th amendments.

Between 1910-1920, ½ a million blacks left the South motivated by higher wages in northern factories, the prospect of voting, escape from lynching threats, and for educational opportunities for their children. But they were disappointed. Although they successfully escaped sharecropping, employment opportunities in the north were restricted, housing was segregated, blacks were excluded from Unions, and racial violence didn’t go away.

• Dozens of blacks killed in riot in East St. Louis

• lots of lynching in South

• 200 black sharecroppers in Arkansas were killed by armed whites

• Tulsa Riot: 1921, 300 blacks killed, 10,000 left homeless after a white mob completely burned an all-black section of the city. The riot had erupted after a group of black veterans tried to prevent the lynching of a young man who had tripped and fallen on a white women in an elevate and had been accused of rape.

He was an immigrant from Jamaica. He launched the Universal Negro Improvement Association, a movement for African Independence and black self-reliance. He insisted blacks should enjoy the same internationally recognized identity as everyone else. He believed in self-reliance, and disagreed with W.E.B DuBois. He thought that equality would take moving somewhere else, like Africa.

Woodrow Wilson’s policies towards this union revealed the contradictions within the liberal internationalist vision because even thought the 14 Points allowed Wilson to foster trade w/ the new government, fear of communism as a threat to international stability and private property inspired military intervention in Russia.

Basically Wilson only wanted to trade with them.

20 million people died (although now they estimate it was actually 50-100 million

70,000 Americans died

1919, this organized 365,000 workers (mostly immigrants) in demand for higher wages, 8 hour workday, and union recognition. In response, the steel magnates launched a coordinated attack. Employers appealed to anti-immigrant sentiment to the native-born workers, many of which stopped fighting and conducted a propaganda campaign that related the strikers to communism, disloyalty, and IWW.

Inspired by the wave of postwar strikes and social fears and tensions created by the Russian Revolution, this was a short period of intense political intolerance.

• General A MItchell Palmer dispatched federal agents to raid and search offices of labor and radical associations (5k)

• The IWW was destroyed, and other unions were in chaos

• The Socialist Party collapsed

• The abuse of liberties became too much in 1920 and Louis Post (sec of labor) began releasing immigrant prisoners, ending this event.

• Effect: hurt labor unions, equality was seen as communist.

• established League of Nations

• applied principle of self-determination to eastern Europe and redrew map of the region

• Limited size of Germany’s future army and navy

• Set reparation payments on Germany, crippling their economy.

The war shattered the European claims of them being a “higher civilization” that didn’t have war.

It heightened national prestige for this countrry, which had joined the war much later.

German resentment over the terms in the Treaty of Versailles would fuel the emergence of Adolf Hitler and WWII. Additionally, there were conflicts in the Middle East, about the status of Northern Ireland, and due to the breakup of Czechoslovakia + Yugoslavia.

The US didn’t participate because:

• many Americans feared membership would lock the US in a commitment to the affairs of other countries.

• People argued the league would threaten the US’s freedom of action.

This established a 3% quota for immigrants coming from different countries. The act used data from the 1910 census to determine how many immigrants of each nationality would be allowed into the country.