Studied by 59 peopleWhat is osteochondrosis
Osteochondrosis is a family of developmental disorders affecting the growing bones and cartilage in children and adolescents. It disrupts the normal growth process, leading to potential pain, stiffness, and limitations in affected joints
Fractures of the hip bone are referred to as?
Pelvic fractures
What does avulsion fractures mean
An avulsion fracture is a specific type of bone injury where a small piece of bone gets pulled away from the main bone by a ligament or tendon
Define apophyses
Apophyses (singular: apophysis) They are essentially secondary ossification centers, meaning they develop as separate growth points from the main bone and eventually fuse with it later in life.
What do the terms Coxa Vara and Coxa Valga refer to
Coxa vara and coxa valga are terms used to describe abnormal angles in the hip joint
Coxa Vara meaning
Literally means "slipshod hip" in Latin.
Refers to a decreased angle between the neck and shaft of the femur (thigh bone) at the hip joint. Normally, this angle is around 125-135 degrees in adults. In coxa vara, it's less than 120 degrees.
Coxa valga meaning
Literally means "knock-knee hip" in Latin.
Refers to an increased angle between the neck and shaft of the femur at the hip joint. Normally, this angle is around 125-135 degrees in adults. In coxa valga, it's greater than 140 degrees.
Describe what happens in Dislocated Epiphysis of Femoral Head
Dislocated epiphysis of the femoral head, also commonly referred to as slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), is a condition that affects the hip joint in growing children and adolescents. It occurs when the growth plate, the weaker area at the top of the thigh bone (femur) near the hip joint, weakens and slips out of place. This slippage disrupts the blood supply to the femoral head (the ball of the hip joint) and can lead to complications if not treated promptly
Define osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a common bone disease that weakens bones, making them more susceptible to fractures (broken bones). It often develops silently, with no symptoms until a fracture occurs.
What is Osgood-Schlatter disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is a common overuse injury that affects the growing bones around the knee in children and adolescents, particularly between the ages of 10 and 15 for boys and 8 and 13 for girls. It's essentially an inflammation of the area just below the kneecap where the tendon from the kneecap (patellar tendon) attaches to the shinbone (tibia).
What is Intraosseous Infusion
Intraosseous (IO) infusion, also referred to as intraosseous access, is a medical procedure that involves inserting a needle directly into the bone marrow cavity to administer fluids, medications, and blood products.
What is the dancer’s fracture
A dancer's fracture, also known as a fifth metatarsal fracture or Jones fracture, is a break in one of the small bones on the outer side of the foot, specifically the fifth metatarsal. It's a common injury among dancers, athletes, and people who participate in activities that involve a lot of jumping, pivoting, or forceful changes in direction
Define Os Trigonum
The os trigonum is a small, extra bone that sometimes develops behind the talus bone in the ankle joint [1]. It is also sometimes called the accessory tarsal navicular.
What is Compartment Syndrome
Compartment syndrome is a serious medical condition that occurs when pressure builds up within a confined space in the body, typically within the limbs. This increased pressure can restrict blood flow to muscles and nerves, leading to tissue damage and potential permanent disability if not treated promptly.
What is Fasciotomy
Fasciotomy is the surgical procedure used to relieve this Compartment Syndrome pressure by cutting the fascial sheath that surrounds the muscles and nerves.
What are Varicose veins and what are the causes
Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins that bulge just beneath the surface of the skin
Heredity: Having a family history of varicose veins increases your risk.
Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can weaken vein walls.
Obesity: Excess weight puts extra strain on the veins in the legs.
Age: As we age, vein walls naturally become weaker.
Standing or sitting for long periods: This can impede blood flow and increase pressure in the veins.
What is Thrombosis
Thrombosis is a serious condition that occurs when a blood clot forms inside a blood vessel, blocking blood flow. These clots can form in either arteries or veins, leading to different complications depending on the location.
What causes thrombosis
Virchow's triad: This triad refers to three main factors that can contribute to blood clot formation:
Endothelial injury: Damage to the inner lining of a blood vessel can trigger clot formation.
Abnormal blood flow: Slow blood flow, such as from prolonged sitting or inactivity, can increase the risk of clotting.
Hypercoagulability: Certain medical conditions or medications can make blood more likely to clot.
What is Thrombophlebitis
Thrombophlebitis is a condition that involves inflammation of a vein due to the presence of a blood clot (thrombus). It most commonly affects veins near the surface of the skin, often in the legs, but it can occur in deeper veins as well
Causes of Thrombophlebitis
Injury or damage to the vein: This can be caused by factors like intravenous (IV) catheter use, surgery, or trauma.
Immobility: Sitting or lying down for extended periods, such as during long flights or hospitalization, can slow blood flow and increase clotting risk.
Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, or chronic illnesses can raise the risk.
Medications: Some medications, like birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, can increase clotting risk.
Pregnancy and postpartum period: Pregnancy and the weeks following childbirth are times of increased risk for blood clots.
Obesity: Excess weight puts additional strain on the circulatory system.
Smoking: Smoking damages blood vessels and increases clotting risk.
Dehydration: Not drinking enough fluids can thicken your blood and make it more likely to clot.
What is a hematoma
A hematoma, also sometimes spelled haematoma, is a collection of blood that pools outside of blood vessels in the body tissues
What does the term charley horse refer to
A charley horse, also known as a muscle cramp, is a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle that causes pain and tightness. It most commonly affects the muscles in the legs and feet, but can occur in any muscle in the body.
What is retroperitoneal pyogenic infection
A retroperitoneal pyogenic infection is a serious condition characterized by the presence of pus (abscess) in the retroperitoneal space, located behind the abdominal organs and lining of the abdominal cavity. This space contains fatty tissue, lymph nodes, and blood vessels.
What is Crohn disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation of the digestive tract
Chondromalacia patellae
Chondromalacia patellae, also commonly known as runner's knee, is a condition that affects the cartilage on the underside of the kneecap (patella). This cartilage normally glides smoothly against the groove in the thighbone (femur) as the knee bends and straightens. In chondromalacia patellae, the cartilage becomes softened, inflamed, or damaged, causing pain and discomfort in the knee
What is bipartite or tripartite patella
Bipartite and tripartite patella are developmental abnormalities that affect the kneecap (patella). Normally, the patella is a single bone. However, in these conditions, the patella fails to fuse completely during fetal development, resulting in one or two extra fragments.
What is a knee jerk and its medical importance
Patellar Reflex:
The most common meaning of knee jerk refers to the patellar reflex, a reflex test used to assess the health of the nervous system pathways connected to the knee. When a doctor taps the tendon below your kneecap (patellar tendon) with a reflex hammer, it stretches the muscle (quadriceps) and triggers an involuntary jerk of your lower leg.
What is rider’s strain
Rider's strain, also known as adductor strain, is a strain of the adductor muscles, a group of muscles on the inner thigh. These muscles help bring your legs together and are important for activities like horseback riding, cycling, and kicking a ball
Describe the cruciate anastomosis
The cruciate anastomosis is a network of blood vessels located in the upper thigh that plays a vital role in supplying blood to the lower limb
It's formed by the following arteries:
Medial circumflex femoral artery: This artery arises from the profunda femoris artery, a deep branch of the femoral artery.
Lateral circumflex femoral artery: This artery also arises from the profunda femoris artery.
Inferior gluteal artery: This artery originates from the internal iliac artery.
Ascending branch of the first perforating artery: This branch comes from the profunda femoris artery.
Anastomotic branch of the posterior branch of the obturator artery (sometimes present): This artery arises from the obturator artery, another branch of the internal iliac artery.
Saphenous varix
A saphenous varix is a dilatation (abnormal widening) of the great saphenous vein at its junction with the femoral vein in the groin. It's a common vascular problem that can manifest as a groin swelling
What is Trochanteric bursitis
Trochanteric bursitis, also known as greater trochanteric bursitis or greater trochanteric pain syndrome, is a condition that causes inflammation of the bursa located near your hip joint.
What is involved in Trendelenburg test
The Trendelenburg test, also sometimes referred to as the Trendelenburg sign, is a physical examination maneuver used to assess for weakness in the hip abductor muscles. These muscles, primarily the gluteus medius and minimus, are responsible for stabilizing the pelvis and lifting the leg away from the body.
What causes “waddling” or gluteal gait
Waddling gait and gluteal gait are terms used to describe a similar abnormal walking pattern characterized by an outward swing of the leg at the hip
A gluteal gait is a specific type of waddling gait caused by weakness in the gluteal muscles, particularly the gluteus medius and minimus
Weakness in the gluteal muscles can be due to neurological problems that affect the nerves supplying these muscles. Examples include damage to the superior gluteal nerve or the obturator nerve.
What is steppage gait
Steppage gait, also known as high-stepping gait or neuropathic gait, is a walking abnormality characterized by difficulty lifting the front part of the foot during walking. This results in a slapping or dragging of the toes on the ground as the person tries to clear the foot with a higher step.
What is piriformis syndrome
Piriformis syndrome is a condition that causes pain in the buttock, hip, and sometimes down the leg, mimicking sciatica. It occurs when the piriformis muscle, a deep buttock muscle, irritates the sciatic nerve.
A popliteal aneurysm
A popliteal aneurysm is a potentially serious condition that involves a weakening and bulging of the popliteal artery, one of the main arteries located behind your knee. This bulge can disrupt blood flow to your lower leg and foot, and if it ruptures, it can cause life-threatening blood loss
What is a babinski sign
The Babinski sign, also known as the Babinski reflex, is a response to stimulation of the sole of the foot that can indicate dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS), specifically the corticospinal tract.
What is paresthesia
Paresthesia is a common condition characterized by abnormal skin sensations, often described as:
Tingling
Prickling
Pins and needles
Numbness
Burning sensation
Itching
Skin crawling
These sensations can occur anywhere on your body but most commonly affect the hands and feet. Paresthesia can be transient (temporary) or chronic (long-lasting).
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphadenopathy refers to the swelling of lymph nodes
Hemorrhaging
Hemorrhage, also spelled haemorrhage, refers to uncontrolled or excessive bleeding from a damaged blood vessel.
avascular necrosis of the head of the femur
Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the head of the femur, also known as osteonecrosis, is a debilitating condition that occurs when the bone tissue in the femoral head (ball of the upper thigh bone) dies due to a lack of blood supply. This dead bone tissue weakens the femoral head, leading to pain and eventually, the collapse of the joint surface.
Anterior drawer sign
The anterior drawer test is a physical examination maneuver used to assess the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee.
Arthroscopy of Knee Joint
Pott fracture–dislocation
Pott fracture-dislocation, also known as Pott's fracture or Dupuytren's fracture, is an injury involving the ankle joint. It's a specific type of bimalleolar fracture, meaning there are fractures in two of the three malleoli (bony bumps) around the ankle joint.
Hallux Valgus
Hallux valgus, commonly referred to as a bunion, is a deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, at the base of the big toe. In this condition, the big toe angulates laterally (outward) from the midline of the foot, and the metatarsal bone (long bone in the forefoot) medially deviates (inward).
Hammer Toe
Hammer toe, a common foot deformity, affects the middle joint of a lesser toe (toes other than the big toe), causing it to bend abnormally. This bend gives the toe a hammer-like appearance. The most frequently affected toes are the second and third toes
Claw Toes
Sometimes confused with hammertoes, are a foot deformity where the toes bend abnormally at the middle and end joints, creating a claw-like appearance. This affects the lesser toes (toes other than the big toe), typically involving the second, third, and fourth toes.
Pes Planus
Pes planus, also commonly referred to as flat feet, is a condition where the arches of the feet are either flattened or completely absent. This can cause the entire sole of the foot to come into contact with the ground when standing.
Talipes Equinovarus
Talipes equinovarus, also commonly known as clubfoot, is a congenital condition present at birth where the ankle and foot are twisted inward and downward. This deformity affects the position and structure of the bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments in the foot.
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