Unit 10 flashcards (Organic)

Organic compounds

compounds containing carbon, which is the building blocks of life.

characteristics of Organic Compounds

• Non-polar

• Insoluble in water

• Covalently bonded

• Don’t conduct electricity

• Lower melting and boiling points

• Very flammable

• react slowly

Hydrocarbons

Compounds containing just Hydrogen and Carbon

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons which are saturated, and contain only single bonds between the carbons. General Formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.

Alkenes

hydrocarbons which are unsaturated, and contain a double bond between two of the Carbons. General Formula: CₙH₂ₙ

Alkynes

hydrocarbons which are unsaturated, and contain a double bond between two of the Carbons. General Formula: CₙH₂ₙ-₂

Saturated hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons which can’t hold anymore atoms, like alkanes.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons which could hold more atoms, by breaking multiple bond, like alkenes, and alkynes.

Methyl group

An extra CH₃ attached to one of the carbons

Ethyl Group

An extra C₂H₅ attached to one of the Carbons

Propyl Group

An extra C₃H₇ attached to one of the carbons.

Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structres.

Functional Groups

Types of Organic compounds which have specific parts which allow them to perform certainactions.

R in General Formulas

represents a chain of Hydrocarbons

halocarbon

Functional Group with a Hydrocarbon bonded to halogens (Group 17 elements). Name ending is the same as the hydorcarbon.

Alcohol

Functional Group with a Hydrocarbon bonded to a hydroxide ion. (R-OH), the name ends with “-anol”

Ether

Functional Group with two hydrocarbon groups on either side of an oxygen (R-O-R’). Name ends with “ether"

Aldehyde

Functional Group with a hydrocarbon bonded to a C, which is double bonded to an O, and single bonded to an H. ends with “-anal”

Ketone

Functional Group with 2 Hydrocarbon chains on either side of a C which is double bonded to an Oxygen. ends with “-anone”

Organic Acid

Functional Group with a hydrocarbon bnded to a C, which is single bonded to an OH, and double bonded to another O. ends with “-anoic acid”.

Ester

Functional Group with two Hydrocarbon chains one either side of a C-O, and that C is double bonded to an O. end with “-anoate”

Amine

Functional Group with Hydrocarbons bonded to Nitrogen. ends with “-amine”

Amide

Functional Group with 2 Hydrocarbons, one bonded to a C, which is also double binded to an O, and single bonded to an NH, which is then bonded to the other chain. ends with “-amide”

Combustion Reaction

Hydrocarbon + O₂ →H₂O + CO₂

Substitution Reaction

Another element like a Halogen is added to a saturated hydrocarbon (alkane), and it replaces one of the Hydrogens, releasing it from the molecule.

Additional Reaction

Another element is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkene, or alkyne), where it breaks one of the multiple bonds, and the product is just one compound.

Esterification Reaction

Organic Acid + Alcohol → Ester + H₂O. Makes Ester

Saponification

Ester + A base → An acid(ion) + Alcohol. How soap is made.

Fermentation Reaction

A Carbohydrate (ex: sugar) → Alcohol + CO₂. How yeast works, and alcoholic beverages are made.

Polymerization reaction

Taking multiple smaller molecules (Monomers), and attaching them together to form a larger polymer.

Addition polymers

breaking the emulripple bonds in monomers to attach them together, to form the polymer.

Condensation polymers

Taking water away from the monomers so they can bond and form a polymer.

Cracking

Using heat to break down bigger complex hydrocarbons, into smaller and more useful hydrocarbons.