APWH:M - Period 4 (Unit 7)

Definition: A group of Nationalists called for the complete modernization of the Ottoman Empire, wanted the empire to be ethnically Turkic (excluded many minorites who lived there)

Caused by: Ottoman Empire was already the “sick man of Europe“ then had the unsuccessful Tanzimat reforms, then the Young Ottomans who called for political change & westernization (Sultan agreed at first, then took it back).
Results in: Overthrew the Sultan in 1908 & made Ottoman reforms, secularization of schools/laws, electionss, Turkish as official language. Exclusions of minorities (especialially Arabs) caused further fragmentation of the Ottoman empire.

Shows: Major shift of power in the the Ittoman Empire away from Sultans & towards Nationalist leaders

Definition: 1905, Bloody Sunday, where the Tsar krilled unarmed protesters but then implemented a new Constitution, labor unions, & political parties (but didn’t actually do anything differently)

Caused by: Nicholas II continued Alexander’s industrialization in Period 3, but the growing middle class started to demand a voice in the government & working class started to be upset about the industry
Results in: Unsucessful & everything was generally the same

Shows: Major shift of power in the Russia away from Tsars & towards Communist leaders

Definition: 1917, successful revolution led by a Marixist, Vladimir Lenin (also led the Bolshevik party)

Caused by: WWI, where most of the Russians were dying & starving
Results in: The Soviet Union

Shows: Major shift of power in the Russia away from Tsars & towards Communist leaders

Definition: womp womp

Caused by: Taiping Rebellion + Losing in Opium & Sino-Japanese Wars + Boxer Rebellion (put down by Western powers who in turn demanded more control)
Results in: Ended 2000 years of Imperial rule & Mao Zedong formed a communist state

Shows: Major shift of power in the China away from Emperors & towards Communist leaders

Definition: Pancho Villa & Emilizano Zapata lead many civil wars but failed to earn any political control.

Caused by: Porfirio Diaz, attempted to industrialize but caused everyone to hate him
Results in: 1917, Mexican Republic was formed with a new constitution (which contained universal male suffrage, minimum wages, & power away from the Catholic Church)

Shows: Major shift of power in the Mexico away from dictators & towards a constitutional government

1. Militarism: Stronger weapons made faster (industrialization from Period 3). Occured especially in Germany who was just unified & built up a gigantic military (which scared France who couldnt). Also occured in Britain but caused more strain on national resources

2. Alliances: Formed to benefit national security for both countires & to isolate their rivals. Also built lots of RxR in order to mobilze troops, which was diffricult to control & to stop. Triple Alliance, containing Germany, Italy, & Austria-Hungary; Triple Enente, mainly Britian, France, & Russia.

3. Imperialism: Wanted to demontrate that they had the most power causing competition & conflict over exsisting colonial lands (led to Alliances)

4. Nationalism: Indoctrinated their children & emphasized their love/pride for their own country & hate/fear for the rival ones. (People’s national identity was the most important thing about them)

5. Assasination of Archduke Fran Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip in Serbia, should’ve been a small regional dispute

Definition: World’s first Total War, which was a war that needed the entire country to participate.

1. Propaganda: Used very intense Nationalism to keep war efforts high (told people that they were fighing for good & against evil, everything is worth it).

2. Trench Warfare: Increase in scale & usage because the Maxim Guns (machine guns) were fast & krilled anyone who charged up and infront of German lines. Caused long stalemates & more casualties, which led to the people from the colonies fighting for their colonizers (many did in hopes that it will gain them more independence)

3. USA joins the Allied Powers: Major turning point the war, wanted to remain neutral, but eventually joined because Germany sunk Lusitania & sentmessages to Mexcio asking it to fight US (it didn’t).

4. Treaty of Versailles: 1918, France & Britain blamed the entire war on Germany (even though it was everyone’s fault) & told it to pay reparations for the war, which would lead to WW2 (predicted by Wilson)

5. League of Nations: Last & most important point proposed by Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points (only one accpeted).

Definition: The government started printing more money which lowered the value of German Marks.

Caused by: Germany took out a bunch of loans & wanted to pay them back by winning the war, which didn’t happen, so now they are in crippling dept
Results in: Germany was unable to pay Britain & France, who were then unable to pay the US + Colonial states were econimically dependent on their colonizers & suffered as well. Eventually paid depts back by borrowing loans from the US

Shows: Economic Consequences of World War I

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in: Soviet war depts aren’t paid either because their revolutionaries aren’t willing to

Shows:

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in:

Shows:

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in:

Shows:

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in:

Shows:

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in:

Shows:

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in:

Shows:

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in:

Shows:

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in:

Shows:

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in:

Shows:

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in:

Shows:

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in:

Shows:

Definition:

Caused by:
Results in:

Shows: