Chapter 18 - Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production

new molecules

The monomers can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal wall and transferred to cells where ________ are synthesized with energy and carbon atoms.

hydrogen ion

When their ________ and electricity are transported to the electron transport system, reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 from various metabolic pathways are oxidized into NAD+ and FAD.

NADH

Oxidized to produce a shorter, acetyl CoA, and reduced ________ and FADH2 coenzymes, the acyl CoA fatty coA is oxidized.

ions

When ________ and electrons are collected, they are reduced to FADH2 and NADH+H+.

reduction

Oxidized coenzymes participating in oxidation- ________ reactions are FAD and NAD+.

ATP

________ from ADP and Pi is synthesized with released energy.

ATP results

________ from the direct transfer of phosphate from ADP to GTP.

nitrogen compounds

When a quantity of amino acids exceeds the number needed to synthesize ________, they are converted into glutamate by the transamination process.

monoacylglycerol

The ________ and fatty acids entering the bowels of the small intestines are hydrolyzed.

Pyruvate

________ is oxidized to acetyl CoA in mitochondria under aerobic conditions.

Catabolic reactions

________ release energy is saved as adenosine.

Anabolic reactions

________ require energy.

citric acid cycle

The ________ or other metabolic tracts may be entered by the carbon atoms caused by amino acid degradation.

cytosol glycolysis

The ________ involves the 10 glucose (6C) to two pyruvate degradation reactions (3C)

Polysaccharides

________ into smaller polysaccharides (dextrins) and finally into glucose monosaccharides, fructose, and galactose.

Metabolism

________ comprises all the catabolism and anabolism of cells.

gastrointestinal process carbons

The ________ is a Carbons reactions series that collapses.

catabolism stages

The three ________ include food digestion, degradation into smaller groups of large molecules like acetyl and pyruvate, as well as oxidation of acetyl and pyruvate groups in order to release energy for ATP synthesis.

energy

The ________ is released when the H+ ions return to the matrix through ATP Synthase.

Ammonium ions

________ are converted to urea from oxidative deamination.

Fatty acids

________ are associated with coenzyme A if needed as an energy source and are conveyed to mitochondria, where b- oxidation occurs.

Citrate

________ is oxidized and decarboxylated to produce 2 CO2, 1 GTP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 with oxaloacetate regeneration.

NADH

There are two ________ and two ATPs throughout the reaction series.

Hydrogen ions

________ move into the intermembrane, producing an H+ gradient, in the electron transport complexes.