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Moffitt’s causes of interruptions in development (5)
pre or postnatal exposure to:
drugs
poor nutrition
injury
toxins
lack of stimulation
What does RNR stand for?
Risk-Need-Responsivity model
RNR’s central 8 risk factors
antisocial attitudes
antisocial peers
antisocial personality pattern
history of antisocial behavior
family/marital factors
lack of achievement in education/employment
lack of personal leisure activities
substance abuse
define criminogenic needs
dynamic or “changeable” risk factors that contribute to someone’s likelihood of committing crime
non-criminogenic needs (6)
self esteem, anxiety, lack of parenting skills, medical needs, victimization, learning disability
offender strengths in the responsivity principle (5)
computer skills, strong family relationships, high educational level, history of stable employment, strong ties to recovering community
an RNR assessment identifies…
offender risk level, criminogenic needs, and specific responsivity factors
what does intellectual enrichment target?
low intelligence and attainment
what do social skills/competence programs target?
impulsivity, low empathy, and self-centeredness
primary target areas for early intervention (where)
home, school, community
examples of early interventions
preschool intellectual enrichment and child skills training
parent education and parental management programs
after school programs
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
formal criminal justice perspective of crime
where does UCR data come from?
police departments
critiques of the UCR
can be manipulated, only covers reported crimes
NIBRS (National Incidence Based Reporting System)
most used crime database, reports on multiple offenses per incident (50 data elements per incident)
issues with DARE (4)
provides knowledge of drug use
impacts attitudes on drug use less
less focus on development of social skills
only 1/3 of the effect of other programs
4 ways to improve EBPs (evidence based practices)
quality of evaluations (methodologically sound)
review multiple studies
examine what is known/unknown
maintain checks and balances
good teaching approaches for effective interventions (5)
interactive teaching
hands-on experience
verbal or written practices
development of cognitive, language, and social skills
don’t over rely on one type of method
constructivism
reality is constructed by society and culture, facts are not necessarily relevant
subjectivism
reality is based on opinion
objectivism
reality is based on observable facts
Moffitt’s 3 typologies of offenders
Life-course persistent, adolescence-limited, and non-participants
life-course persistent offenders
start antisocial acts early and continue beyond adolescence
continuity is the primary characteristic
in life-course persistent offenders, the underlying trait…
remains the same but expression changes as new social opportunities arise
adolescence-limited offenders
start and finish criminality in teenage years
change or discontinuity occurs abruptly
adolescence-limited offenders are only antisocial when it’s…
instrumental
non-participants in crime may have not… (3)
experienced the maturity gap
been motivated to experiment with crime
had access to antisocial role models
in high risk offenders, more treatment…
decreases likelihood of recidivism
in low risk offenders, more treatment…
increases likelihood of recidivism
about __% of society are life-course persistent offenders
5
the ______ of individuals are adolescent-limited offenders
majority
technical report
assessment by researchers/scholars of a program or intervention’s effectiveness
urban residents are ______ as likely to fear crime as rural
twice
who has the highest fear of crime?
the elderly
Sampson and Laub made which theory?
age-graded theory
how do Sampson and Laub define “state dependence”?
onset, persistence or desistence depends on events that occur that either enhance or diminish risk of offending
how do Sampson and Laub define “turning points”?
events that shift state dependence
what is Sampson and Laub’s “age-graded theory”?
the stability of causal factors in the social environment produces stability of behavior
changes in those factors cause changes in behavior
in adults, intensive supervision led to ______ violation rates
higher
cross sectional studies
allow researchers to study a phenomenon or the relationship between variables at one point in time
what are the two terms for when people stop offending?
desistance and cessation
what is dosage?
length of treatment, number of sessions, spacing of sessions, and duration of the total program
4 issues with program evaluations
resources
lack of uniform criteria
documentation and monitoring
communication breakdown
up to ___% of people have offended in their life
96
what was Martinson’s general finding?
recidivism is not affected by rehabilitative efforts
why was Martinson’s work so popular? (3 reasons)
timing (war on drugs/crime in 1974)
publication in public interest rather than scientific journal
worded in a Q/A format
social context of Martinson’s work
during the 1960s-early 70s, violent and property crime were increasing
politicians took it as an agenda item and LBJ declared his war on crime in the 60s, and Nixon doubled down on it after
principles of effective intervention (9)
comprehensive
varied teaching methods
sufficient dosage
theory driven
positive relationship building
appropriate timing
socioculturally relevant
outcome evaluations
well-trained staff
Loeber’s 3 developmental pathways
overt, covert, and authority conflict
Loeber’s overt pathway
low initial level of aggression and escalating with time
ultimately more likely to be involved in serious violent behavior
Loeber’s covert pathway
initiate offending before age 15, then escalates to property damage/fraud, then into theft/burglary
Loeber’s authority conflict pathway
early onset of stubbornness and defiance
6 ways to get police legitimacy
procedural justice
favorable outcomes
improving neighborhood conditions
effectiveness in fighting crime
reduce fear of crime
favorable outcomes in police interactions
what was Morenoff’s theoretical integration?
integrated routine activities theory with social disorganization and collective efficacy
what three variables are in Morenoff’s theoretical integration?
motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of a capable guardian
Morenoff set collective efficacy related to…
capable guardian
Morenoff set social disorganization related to…
suitable targets
Morenoff’s theoretical integration evaluated each variable ______
spatially
the main difference between social disorganization and collective efficacy is?
social capital is emphasized in collective efficacy
what is social capital?
networks, norms and trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit
collective efficacy is…
a community’s ability to unite for the common good and intervene against wrongdoing
the 1984 sentencing reform act established _______ and limited _________
mandatory minimums, judicial discretion
the anti-drug abuse act of 1986 established…
crack mandatory minimum
the __________ reform act was in 2017
mandatory minimum
real world thesis of media impacts on fear of crime
fear is shaped by objective conditions
cultivation thesis of media impacts on fear of crime
fear is shaped by media messages that the world is a scary place
substitution thesis of media impacts on fear of crime
media messages substitute for lack of personal experience
resonance thesis of media impacts on fear of crime
media messages reinforce personal experience
etiological theories
focus on identifying the cause of the problem
intervention theories
focus best methods for changing the etiological risk factors
casual identification allows for…
empirical evaluation
prior to life-course findings, violent behavior was seen as being…
a static trait
heterotypic continuity (life-course theory)
childhood behavior does not necessarily translate to identical behavior in adulthood, but it may be associated with conceptually consistent behavior
LSI-R: Level of Service Inventory
RNR assessment which evaluates the 8 central risk factors
CRAI - Criminal Attribution Inventory
RNR self-report measure that assesses the endorsement of various causes of crime
CRAI proactive items measure…
the extent to which society contributes to the crime
CRAI reactive items measure…
the extent to which other factors (mental illness, substance abuse) contribute to crime
CRAI acquisitive items measure…
the extent to which a person’s personality or actions contribute to their likelihood of being victimized
life-course theory focuses on the link between ______ and _______
childhood behaviors, adult outcomes
life course theory defines age differentiation as…
differences by age in expectations/options for decision making
life-course trajectory
pathway of development over the lifespan
what are the 5 items in the life-course trajectory?
work, marriage, parenthood, self-esteem, and criminal behavior
life-course theory defines trajectories as…
long-term sequences or patterns of behavior
life-course theory defines transitions as…
marked by specific life events within trajectories
some are age-graded and some are not
life-course theory also focuses on _______ ________ of social patterns
intergenerational transmissions
life-course theory also focuses on the effects of _________ and _________ on individual life histories
macro-level events, structural location
offense frequency peaks around age ____
16
ages ____ to ____ show the highest rates of convictions, and it __________ throughout adulthood
17, 20, gradually decreases
after multiple offenses, people are far more likely to offend from ____ to _____ offense
3rd, 10th
what is the impact of earlier age of onset on long-term offending?
it increases the likelihood
the average age of desistance is ____ to ____
20, 29
in multiple offenders, the average time between the first and last offense (or criminal career) is ______ years
10.4
the Violent Crime and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is primarily responsible for _________.
truth-in-sentencing legislation
Hirschi and Gottfredson’s self-control theory suggests that…
parental neglect fails to instill self-control which has far reaching effects of future behaviors
Hirschi and Gottfredson suggest that the age of initiation is…
8
Sampson and Laub’s theory originated from…
the idea that Hirschi and Gottfredson were wrong
where Sampson and Laub relied heavily on _________ theories, Giordano relied on ____________
control, social learning
Giordano’s Social Learning Perspective suggests that…
learning definitions that are favorable to breaking the law increase potential to engage in crime
Giordano suggests that learning __________ is influential in the ___________ process
redefinitions, desistance
according to social learning DLC (developmental life course), motivation _________ over the life course and the degree of control differs due to ____________
remains constant, life events in the control model
Note
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