Studied by 8 peopletype of reaction: alkane + oxygen
combustion
product of reaction: alkane + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
explain cracking
Process of breaking down large hydrocarbons into smaller and more useful molecules. This is done through heat, pressure, and catalysts.
conditions of thermal cracking
high temperatures (450-750°C) and pressures (up to 70 atm)
conditions of catalytic cracking
zeolites (complex aluminosilicates of the form Al2O5Si \n associated with positive ions) along with lower temperatures (~500°C) and moderately \n low pressures
product of: alkene + halogen
dihaloalkane
reaction mechanism of: alkene + halogen
electrophilic addition
conditions of: alkene + halogen
organic solvent(CCl4)
type of reaction of: alkene + halogen
addition reaction
product of: alkene + aqueous halogen
haloalkane +acid halide
type of reaction: alkene + aqueous halogen
addition
reaction mechanism of: alkene + aqueous halogen
electrophilic addition
product of: alkene + Cold H+/KMnO4
diol, alcohol
reaction mechanism of: alkene + Cold H+/KMnO4
electrophilic addition
type of reaction: alkene + Cold H+/KMnO4
redox, partial oxidation
product of: alkene + Hot H+/KMnO4
carbonyl → ketone, carbonyl → aldehyde → carboxylic acid, carbonyl → methanal → carbon dioxide + water
product of: alkene + conc H2SO4
alkyl hydrogensulfate → alcohol
type of reaction: alkene + conc H2SO4
hydration
conditions of reaction: alkene + conc H2SO4
heat + water
product of alkene + hydrogen
alkane
conditions of: alkene + hydrogen
150C and catalyst like palladium (Pd-C), platinum (PtO2) or nickel (Ra-Ni
type of: alkene + hydrogen
hydrogenation
products of oxidation of primary alcohols w/ oxidizing agents
Hot H+/KMnO4: carboxylic acid
Cold H+/KMnO4: aldehydes
Hot H+/K2Cr2O7 in reflux: carboxylic acid
products of oxidation of secondary alcohols w/ oxidizing agents
Hot H+/KMnO4: ketone
Cold H+/KMnO4: ketone
Hot H+/K2Cr2O7 in reflux: ketone
product of: alcohol + carboxylic acid
ester
conditions of: alcohol + carboxylic acid
heated under reflux, conc H2SO4,
type of reaction: alcohol + carboxylic acid
esterification
product of: alcohol + conc H2SO4
alkene + water
type of reaction: alcohol + conc H2SO4
dehydration
conditions of: alcohol + conc H2SO4
180C
components of iodoform test
iodine (I2) and NaOH
positive test observation of iodoform
pale yellow precipitate
state steps of iodoform reaction
Step 1: Formation of NaIO by reaction between I2 and NaOH.
Step 2: (If the sample is an alcohol) Oxidation of the alcohol by NaIO to form a carbonyl compound.
Step 3: Substitution of the hydrogen atoms of the methyl group with iodine atoms.
Step 4: Cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond to release triiodomethane (iodoform) from the rest of the molecule by hydroxide ions.
what does iodoform test for?
methyl ketones and methylene groups, (-CH3)
product of hydrolysis of: haloalkanes
alcohol and the hydrogen halide
condition of alkaline hydrolysis of: haloalkanes
NaOH
product of: carbonyl + With NaCN(aq)/H+(aq)
hydroxynitrile, otherwise known as cyanohydrins.
mechanism of: carbonyl + With NaCN(aq)/H+(aq)
nucleophilic addition
product of carbonyl + LiAlH4
Aldehydes are reduced to primary alcohols while ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols
conditions of carbonyl + LiAlH4
carefully dried ethoxyethane (diethyl ether), acid
product of carbonyl + NaBrH4
Aldehydes → primary alcohols
ketones → secondary alcohols
state observation of Brady’s Reagent (2,4-DNP)
aldehyde, ketone: red/orange ppt
state observation of Tollen’s Reagent
aldehyde: silver mirror formed
state observation of Fehling’s Solution
aldehyde: red ppt
ketone: remains blue
state observation of carbonyl + dilute H+/MnO4
aldehyde: purple to colourless
ketone: remains purple
product of carboxylic acid + NaOH
alkanoate/carboxylate salt and water
type of reaction of carboxylic acid + NaOH
neutralization
product of carboxylic acid + NaHCO3
alkanoate/carboxylate salt, water, carbon dioxide
products of hydrolysis of esters
alkaline: carboxylate salt + alcohol
acid: carboxylic acid + alcohol
product of amine + dilute acid
amine salt
mechanism of benzene reactions
electrophilic subsititution
phenol
benzonitrile
benzoic acid
product of benzene + halogen
aryl halide or haloarene
type of reaction of benzene + halogen
halogenation
conditions of benzene + halogen
Fe3+ or Al3+ catalyst
methylbenzene or toluene
conditions of nitration of benzene
Conc. H2SO4, Conc. HNO3, 50C
explain the mechanism of nitration of benzene
conditions for reduction of nitrobezene
Sn, conc HCl, reflux
product of phenol + acyl halide
organic ester, inorganic acid
product of bromination of phenol
aryl halide
product of phenol + NaOH
sodium phenoxide ion + water
products of Diazotization
benzene diazonium chloride, sodium chloride and water
reagents/conditions of Diazotization
0-5C,NaNO2/HCl
product of Coupling w/ Diazonium Salt
azo compound +HCl
conditions of Coupling w/ Diazonium Salt
alkaline medium
uses of azo compounds
dyes or as intermediates in organic synthesis
which is stronger reducing agent: LiAlH3, NaBrH4
LIAlH3 stronger than NaBrH4
Differentiate between electrophilic substitution and nucleophilic substitution.
nucleophilic substitution: nucleophiles like OH-, CN- attracted to positively charged Carbon atom; occurs in haloalkanes
electrophilic substitution: electrophiles like NO2+ substitute Hydrogen in a benzene ring
Differentiate between electrophilic addition and nucleophilic addition.
nucleophilic addition: nucleophiles added to the positively charged Carbon in a carbonyl compound
electrophilic addition: electrophiles added across the electron rich pi bond of alkenes
Note
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