Studied by 1 personwhat study demonstrates that fear can be conditioned in humans
John Watsons little Albert experiment
why would it be unlikely that a psychologist could condition a baby to fear a rat and other small animals in a research study today ?
the study violates ethical guidelines
what type of processes do contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning take into account?
cognitive processes
in ivans experiment the food was what type of stimulus ?
unconditioned
in ivans experiment in classical conditioning the dogs salivation was
unconditioned response
during spontaneous recovery what happens to the conditioned response compared to its occurrence before extinction
the CR reappears in weaker form than before extinction began
explain the process of taste aversion
a learned avoidance of a particular food that your body associates with illness
what is the contingency model of classical conditioning AND who is associated with this model
learning that states classical conditioning occurs only when one even reliably predicts another
Robert rescorlas
how does stimulus generalization occur
when an individual responds to stimuli that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
what is spontaneous recovery
reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after sometime has passed
what is discrimination learning
organism learns to make a response in the presence of one stimulus & to make a different response to other stimuli
what is extinction AND when does it occur
the weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus.
occurs when CS is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
define habituation AND give an example that best exemplifies this process
getting used to something in your environment that you stop noticing it
when you are driving at night and get used to the bright lights
what is the difference between a reflex and a response acquired through classical conditioning
a reflex doesn’t need to be tried to happen
during high order conditioning a second neutral stimulus is turned into a ___ stimulus
conditioned
what is an operant response
a response one does voluntary because in the past they got a reward for the behavior displayed
what is a situation In which a behavior or response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus
positive reinforcement
accidental timing of rewards can produce what type of behavior
superstitious bahavior
explain the difference between reinforcement nd punishment
reinforcement: increasing the behavior
punishment: decreasing a behavior
explain the difference between positive and negative reinforcement
positive: adds stimulus to the environment, and increases frequency of behavior
negative: removes stimulus from environment followed by the removal of an adverse stimulus
explain the difference between positive and negative punishment
positive: the addition of something unpleasant
negative: the removal of something pleasant
what is the goal of both positive and negative reinforcement
to increase the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated
according to Premark principle how can an undesirable activity be acquired
by engaging in a preferred activity
children given tokens for correct answers were able to trade the tokens for void games. the tokens act as what type of reinforcers
conditioned reinforces
why was BF Skinners claim that the environment determines an individuals behavior criticized
it fails to acknowledge the cognitive influences on behavior
in order to obtain the best likelihood of repeating a behavior when should a reward be presented
after the behavior
if using punishment when should the punishment be given
after a voluntary response
which partial reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction
variable ratio
responses extinguished faster when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule
fixed interval
a variable schedule of reinforcement will cause a behavior to increase/decrease
increase
what is essential for operant conditioning to occur
a behavioral consequence
describe the process of shaping
small progress is made in order to achieve the desired behavior
what does E L thordike law of effect explain
it explains any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stoped
what is desensitization therapy
conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object/situation, especially phobias
who is Albert bandora
social cognitive psychologist
what famous study is Albert bandora known for
bobo doll experiment
what are mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that help give rise to children’s empathy and their theory of mind
what is observational learning
learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior
observation, imitation, and modeling are concepts central to what
social learning theory
what did Albert bobo doll experiment demonstrate
demonstrated the powerful influence of observational learning on behavior
what would a social learning theorist be most likely to propose as a cause for fear of flying
if the person observed someone else’s fear of flying
when is prosocial modeling most effective
when the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson
define AND give an example of a cognitive map
internal representations of the physical characteristics of the external environment
rats may have have a cognitive may that helps them learn and remember where food is located in the maze
what is the role of biological processes in classical conditioning
certain species are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance survival
what is latent learning
learning the occurs without reinforcement and isn’t demonstrated until an opportunity arises
who discovered latent learning
Edward tolman
a student who is overheard saying “why study there isn’t anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills” is most likely experiencing what
learned helplessness
what is problem focused coping
dealing directly with the stressful situation by reducing its demands
driving and sticking to a study plan for an exam
what is emotion focused coping
to handle the emotional aspects of stress rather than the situation
journal when you feel lonely to process your feelings
define insight learning AND give an example
occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem
looking for your car keys and not finding them but remembering the last place you had them
which ability is likely to predict good adjustment better grades and social success
self control
certain aspects are biologically predisposed to learn particular associations that enhance their survival. what does this describe
biological processes in classical conditioning
what is biofeedback
mind body technique you se to control some of your body’s functions
heart rate, breathing
when is learned helpless most likely to result
responses have no effect on the environment
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