Bio316Exam2

What are the 4 levels of protein structure and how are they formed?

Primary Structure AA chain

Secondary Structure Interaction of AA chain cause to fold and bend

Tertiary Structure Final 3D shape by ionic interactions

Quaternary Structure macro molecule of subgroups

What are 4 functions proteins perform in the body?

Build Bone and Muscle Move Ions through Cell Membrane Form Hormones Act as Enzymes

What are two instances in which it is possible for whole proteins to be absorbed by the body?

Newborns - Absorb immunoglobins from milk Digestive Disease - Protiens pass through intestinal lining cause inflammation

What happens to excess protein in the diet?

Excess protein is converted into fat

What are the plant and animal forms of globulins?

Plant - Glutelins Animal - Albumins

What are 3 types of fibrins and what do they do?

Collagen - Connective tissues, base for tendons, & cells Elastin - In connective tissue elastic to flex tendons Keratrin - Hard protein in hair, nails, hooves

What are 3 types of conjugated proteins and what do they do?

Lipoprotiens - Fat on protiens, transporing Fats LDL,HDL,Cholen Gylcoprotiens - Carbon protein , hormones, hormone receptors, membrane protiens, immune sys, Flavoprotiens - Proteins with Flavonoids

Why is urea often added to ruminant feeds?

Amino Acids

Why are vitamin deficiencies now rare in the US?

Vitamin supplements enriching food variety

What are some circumstances where a vitamin deficiency may be found in domestic animals?

Profound Neglect Secondarty Diseases effect with reduced feeding Very Narrow Diet

Why is it possible for a high dose of a fat soluble vitamin to be toxic?

Fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the liver an excess of those vitamins can damage the liver

What are 3 water soluble vitamins and what do they do?

Thiamin B1 - Aids carb and fat metabolism Riboflavin B2 - Aid in electron transport chain Niarin B3 - Important for energy metabolism

What are 3 fat soluble vitamins and what do they do?

A, D, E, and K vision, bone health, immune function, and coagulation

Why was pellagra a common vitamin deficiency in the US and parts of Europe from 1700-1900?

Europeans did not wash their corn which contained Niacin that went undigested

What was causing it? How could it be prevented? Pellegra

Un-washed corn that has high levels of Niacin to prevent this wash corn

Why is vitamin C deficiency not a problem for most companion animals?

Most animals make their own vitamin C

What are some sources of vitamin A? Why do carnivores need meat as a source of vitamin A?

Carrots and sweet potatoes, meats and organs, and fish oil. Carnivores need meat as a source of vitamin A because it is difficult for them to convert carotene.

What are 3 functions for vitamin A in the body? What is one of the early signs of a vitamin A deficiency?

proper vision, a strong immune system, reproduction, Dry skin, Dry eyes, Night Blindness

How are sunlight, vitamin D, and calcium interrelated?

Vitamin D moderates Calcium uptake and is mostly formed by UV activation in the skin

What are some functions of calcium and phosphorus in the body? Why is bone loss associated with calcium deficiency? What is calcium so important for in the body other than bone strength?

Calcium and Phosphorous help with nervous function, muscle contraction, and growth and maintenance of bones. Bone loss is associated with Calcium deficiency because the body stores Ca in bones and is stored for nervous system and heart function. Calcium is important for the body for calcium pumps on muscle cells.

When is acute calcium deficiency common?

During late pregnancy and lactation

Which minerals are important for maintaining ion balance inside and outside of the cell?

Inside the cell = potassium (K). Outside the cell = Sodium (Na)

Why must sodium, potassium, and chlorine be replenished so frequently?

Because they are lost in sweat and urine due to vigorous exercise and in the heat

What are 3 microminerals and what do they do?

Fluorine is essential for tooth enamel. Chromium is important for normal glucose entry in cells. Iodine regulates metabolism with thyroid hormone.

How are copper and zinc metabolism related?

Copper metabolism is antagonized by excess Zinc. Zn makes it harder to absorb Cu and Ca.

How are copper and iron metabolism related?

Copper is essential for absorbing iron from the gut.

Why are some pregnant women compelled to eat dirt?

Iron deficiencies causes anemia (low hemoglobin) which causes the desire to eat dirt.

Why is it not wise to give a horse kept on pasture a large zinc supplement?

Pasture is naturally low in Calcium, so eating Zinc supplement will antagonize Calcium causing a Calcium deficiency.

Why is acute diarrhea treated with an electrolyte solution?

Diarrhea causes water and ion loss and electrolyte solutions contain many ions

Why are herbivores kept on pasture given a salt lick?

Herbivores need a mineral mix because many grasses are low in calcium.

What are 4 routes of water loss for the body?

Urine, feces, breathing, and sweat.

How does the body adapt to water loss?

Decreasing kidney filtration and increasing thirst.

What happens to the body when it reaches severe dehydration? Why is it dangerous?

Cell functions diminish, respiration and metabolism decrease, and finally nervous and heart activity stop, then death. Dangerous because without water blood volume decreases and your body will have trouble moving oxygen

When is edema more likely to occur and why?

In aging and late gestation/early lactation. Aging people kidneys aren't efficient. Pregnant people kidneys are working harder

What requirements have to be met to accurately measure basal metabolic rate in an animal?

Animal must be at rest, awake, fasting, or in a zone of thermoneutrality

How do endotherms regulate their body temperature?

Endotherms generate heat by shivering or non-shivering thermogenesis which is metabolic, breaking down fat in brow adipose tissue.

How does the surface area to volume ratio change with larger animals? How does that affect metabolism?

Larger animals have much smaller surface area to volume ratio, this makes larger animal's metabolisms slower

How are oilseeds different from grains? How are legumes different from grasses?

Oilseeds are high in oil and protein and are more expensive and complex, while grains are high in starch and low in protein. Grasses are less nutritionally rich than legumes. Legumes are more expensive, have higher protein levels, and are more nutrient dense than grasses

What is mad cow disease? What caused an outbreak of it in England in the ‘90s? What has been done to prevent transmission?

Mad cow disease was caused by prions. The outbreak was caused by feeding cattle, cattle meat meal (cows ate cows). In order to prevent transmission, ruminants were no longer given ruminant meat meal and consumption of all animal brains is strongly discouraged.

What are 3 benefits to cooking food? What is a drawback?

3 benefits are increases digestibility, increases shelf life, and decreases bacterial contamination. A drawback is some vitamins are destroyed by cooking.

What are 3 other types of food processing and why are they done?

Heating, Mechanical, and extracting. Heating is done to prevent spoiling and start protein breakdown. Mechanical processing is done to reduce particle size, making food easier to digest and mix. Extracting is done to remove oils from seeds, increasing starch digestibility, decreasing density, and increasing palatability.

Why are soybeans roasted before being ground into meal for food?

Soybeans contain a trypsin inhibitor that lowers protein digestion. The trypsin inhibitor is destroyed by heat, allowing protein to be digestible.

How is the flavor of feed affected by processing? How can it be enhanced?

Processing changes flavor because vitamins can be destroyed by high heat and palatability will change. Drying and mechanical processing have a big effect on palatability. Drying changes sugars. Flavors can be enhanced by adding broth, sugar, or salt on the food.

How do you calculate % digestibility?

Nutrient intake - nutrients in feces / nutrient intake x 100

What components do you subtract from Gross Energy intake to find the Net Energy intake for an organism?

Subtract fecal loss, urine loss, gas loss, and heat loss to find net energy intake

What are 4 of the rules for balancing a ration?

Simplest is best, identify requirements, start with the most important nutrients and build around that, and test actual chemical composition of feed

What are the differences between dry, semi-wet, and canned pet food?

Dry contains 8-12% moisture, semi-wet contains 23-40% moisture and is softer than dry food, and canned pet food contains 68-82% moisture with increased palatability, higher in protein and fat

What is the legal difference between a pet food labelled “beef dog food” and “beef flavored dog food”?

Beef dog food indicates legally that there is beef in the food, while beef flavored dog food indicates that the food doesn't have to have beef in it, it could just have an artificial beef flavor

What are the 2 factors that need to be considered in formulating a feed for acceptability?

Physical satiety and chemical satiety

What components of a feed can be tested for with proximate analysis? What is the problem with the crude protein analysis used in proximate analysis?

Crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract. Crude protein measures the amount of nitrogen, but some components of feed contain nitrogen that aren't protein which isn't beneficial to the animal

What are some human foods that can be supplemented into a pet’s diet in moderation and what can they provide?

Meat provides protein, but not enough energy and calcium. Eggs are excellent protein, but high in fat. Bones provide minerals and are good for teeth and chewing