pre ap chem semester 1 exam review

What is the safety shower used for?

to wash chemicals off a person in the event of a chemical spill.

What is the eye wash station used for?

washing off chemicals or substances that might have splashed into an individual's eyes before he or she can seek further medical attention.

What is the fire extinguisher used for?

to extinguish a combustible metal fire

What is the fire blanket used for?

to extinguish small fires.

What are goggles used for?

protection against chemical splash hazards, use of concentrated corrosive material, and bulk chemical transfer

What precautions should be taken when using a Bunsen Burner?

Always inspect the Bunsen burner, tubing, and gas valve before use. Tie back long hair and do not wear loose long sleeves.

Qualitative Numbers

descriptive, characteristics

Quantitative Numbers

numbers, frequencies

All non-zero numbers

significant

Zeros between two non-zero digits

significant

Leading zeros

not significant

Zeros to the right of the decimal

significant

Zeros in a whole number with the decimal shown

significant

What do you do if a number is less than .01 or greater than 1000?

Convert to scientific notation

Physical properties

density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity.

Chemical properties

flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity, and heat of combustion

Intensive properties

a property of matter that depends only on the type of matter in a sample and not on the amount. Color, temperature, and solubility are examples

Extensive properties

a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample. Mass and volume are examples

density formula

m/v

physical change

boiling, melting, freezing, bending, breaking

chemical changes

digesting, burning, rusting, rotting

John Dalton

atomic theory

Mendeleev

gaps existed, in order of atomic mass

JJ Thomson

cathode ray tube, electron discovery

Rutherford

gold foil experiment

Moseley

atomic number order, elements w similar properties are in regular intervals in the table

Bohr

quantum mechanics, “electrons only exist in specific places,” planetary model

Chadwick

neutron discovery

atomic #

number of protons

mass #

protons+neutrons

isotope

same # of protons but different # of neutrons

ion

a charged atom or molecule

AAM

Mass^1(percent 1)+ Mass 2(percent 2)…

vertical row

group

horizontal row

periods

neutral atom

no charge

absolute zero

lowest possible temp; 0C; 273K

Charles Law

V1T1=V2T2

Gay Lussac Law

P1T1=P2T2

Boyles Law

P1V1=P2V2

cooling curve

exothermic (releases heat)

heating curve

endothermic (absorbs heat)

solid

definite shape & volume, NOT easily compressed, tightly packed particles

liquid

no definite shape, definite volume, NOT easily compressed, fills the shape of the container

gas

NO definite shape & volume, easily compressed, lots of particle space

Q=

mc(Delta)T