The Loophole in LSAT Logical Reasoning by E.C. - Chapter 1

Cluster Sentences

Sentences that try to make reading difficult. They test your ability to read convoluted language

-do not give up reading them

-unlike a sentence, a complete thought, these compress unlike a sentence, a complete thought, these compress several thoughts into a mess

-the convulution comes in when they decide to expalin something, then they explain part of the explaination, then they explain part of the explanation of the explanation

-to understand them, break them down, recognize all the complete thoughts within them, and then you will see the individual ideas instead of one big mess

Specifiers

these are little words that glue bigger words to explanations in cluster sentences

-by

-since

-as

-if

-in

-in addition to

-into

-because

-after

-on

-that

-of

-around

-which

-for

-although

-between

-until

-when

-while

-who

How do I use indicators to break down cluster sentences?

when you are reading a cluster sentence and see an indicator or a comma, stop. Then, jot down a. complete thought from you have found so far, repeat.

Commas

-they indicate pauses which make writing easier to understand

-they indicate that something on either side of it is an optional statement

Core element

it is a apart of a sentence that cannot be removed without destroying all grammatical sense of reason. It has the sentence’s main noun and verb in it

Optional Element

it is a piece of a sentence that can be removed without any bad grammatical consequences.

Remember, this element is grammatically optional, not meaning optional. The info contained in it could be essential to your understanding of the stimulus.

How do I know if a piece of a sentence is optional?

by looking at it by itself and seeing if it’s a complete thought. If the piece makes sense as a full sentence on its own, it is the core element. If it does not make senses, it is an optional element

Middle-out

this technique is used when you have two or more commas in a sentence. if the middle piece can be a complete sentence, both outer pieces are optional. if the middle piece cant be a compete sentence, its just specifying - we can deleete it and read the core outer pieces to understand the sentence better

Middle-out exercise 1

-the forest ranger, a man with kind eyes, put out or illegal fire.

-can i make a complete sentence out of “a man w. kind eyes”? no, so it is the optional element. we take it out, and combine the two outer pieces into one core element

-result: “the forest ranger put out our illegal fire”

Middle-out exercise 2

Hannah, an entertainment mogul, ran for governor in montana

-can i make a complete sentence out of the middle piece “an entertainment mogul”? no, so it is the optional element. we take it out, and combine the two outer pieces into one core element

-result: “hannah ran for governor in Montana.” this is our core element

Middle-oout exercise 3

-In addition to winning the race, Jared completed his first year at ASU, a fine uni in the American southwest

--can i make a complete sentence out of “Jared completed his first year at ASU”? yes, so it is the core element.

-The outer elements are optional: “in addition to winning the race” (specifying Jared,) AND “a fine uni in the American southswest is speicfying ASU

How should yoou read OE and CE, aka a cluster sentence?

OE can be filtered out, but then return to them when you have identified the CE

How to read 3+ commas in a sentence?

• The box, which was red since it came up on our red-sensor that was developed by Alex and Jordan, who happened to enjoy color spectroscopy, was empty

• you will still look at each pair of commas and use middle out.

• take the sentence apart two commas at a time

• look at the first three elements, aka the first two commas. is the middle part (which was red since it came up on our red-senserthat was developed by Alex and Jordan) a complete thought? NO Then, that part is optional

• Look at the second and third comma. The middle part does not stand on its own. The entire big middle of this sentence is optional

• The very beginning and the very end are the core + The box was empty

  • Now look at the whole sentence with the OE adn CE

What do specifiers do

they give more information about the noun (the person/thing) or verb (action). Its like you clicked “more info” and inserted extra info into the middle of what you are reading. Basically, they give more information.

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