Final Exam - Meeting Human Needs Through Social Welfare

Acquisition, control, and exploitation of territory by a group displacing original inhabitants. Involves land takeover, power exertion, and cultural displacement, leading to historical oppression of indigenous peoples

the distinct form of colonization where non-indigenous settlers establish permanent control over a territory, aiming to replace the original inhabitants

This form of colonization involves the displacement, marginalization, and oppression of indigenous peoples. Settler colonialism imposes the culture, language, and values of the settlers, establishing lasting political, economic, and social dominance

Characterized by the ongoing presence and dominance of the settler population even after the formal colonization has ended. Unlike other forms of colonization, settler colonialism seeks to permanently replace the indigenous population with the settlers who establish their own systems

refers to the original inhabitants of a land who faced colonization. Adopted in the 1970s by Aboriginal leaders for community unity and political representation at the United Nations

First Nations Definition:

describes Canada's Aboriginal peoples, excluding Métis and Inuit. Coined in the 1970s and '80s, it replaced the term "Indian." While "First Nations" denotes the ethnicity, the singular "First Nation" can refer to a band, reserve-based community, or a larger tribal grouping and its resident status Indians.

signifies a fusion of cultures from unions between Aboriginal and European individuals in contemporary Canada. Its usage can be broad or specific, sparking debates. In a legal context, "Métis" specifically designates descendants of particular historic communities.

Aboriginal peoples residing in the far northern and Arctic regions of Canada. Culturally and legally distinct from First Nations and Métis, they primarily inhabit Inuit Nunangat.

This region consists of four parts, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut, and the Inuvialuit region, which is home to the majority of Inuits.

Nearly half of Canada's land lacks treaty coverage, and some First Nations reject treaties due to historical broken promises

The Indian Act, imposed by Canada, is viewed as a tool of settler colonization that exerts control over Indigenous peoples. Indigenous communities maintain their political processes outside the federally recognized Band Council system

Proposed ending Indigenous land entitlements, transferring jurisdiction, and terminating federal fiduciary responsibility

Red Paper countered, asserting legal and cultural rights, advocating for self-sufficiency

Indigenous women face disproportionate violence, with a higher risk of going missing or being murdered compared to white women. Cases like the Highways of Tears and Robert Pickton murders underscore the urgency of addressing this issue

reconciliation based on mutual recognition, respect, sharing, and mutual responsibility. advocates for a "nation-to-nation" relationship between the Canadian government and Indigenous government

Vital for Indigenous-settler relations, aiming for mutual land and resource conditions. Government interpretation often favors colonizer perspectives, emphasizing written versions, settler dispute resolution, and land rights surrender

Lack signed agreements or treaties, recognized by the Supreme Court with inherent Indigenous rights. Reserves, imposed by the government, differ from traditional territories, excluding crucial lands, and established under the Indian Act for specific Indian bands' exclusive use.

views on treaties and views leads to broken promises, unresolved land claims, and inadequate funding. Rooted in colonization's history, emphasizing the need for recognizing Indigenous rights and self-determination.

Issued by King George III, it recognized Indigenous land rights and self-government. Stated land could only be ceded through voluntary agreements, emphasizing peaceful coexistence

Also known as the Constitution Act of 1867, it established the Canadian federal government, giving it control over Indigenous affairs. Granted exclusive authority to legislate for Indians and reserved lands, replacing Indigenous self-governments without consent

Reflecting the historical relationship, the Royal Proclamation acknowledged Indigenous rights, while the British North America Act asserted federal control. Alongside subsequent laws like the Indian Act, these acts significantly impact Indigenous rights, self-determination, and ongoing reconciliation struggles

Pre-amendment, Indigenous women marrying non-Status men lost Indian Status, unlike Indigenous men. Gender discrimination addressed in 1985 by Bill C-31, granting equal status to Indigenous women and reinstating those who lost it through marriage

Crucial amendment rectifying gender discrimination under the Indian Act. Grants equal status to Indigenous women, reinstates lost status, and closes the loophole allowing non-Indigenous women to gain status through marriage.

Designated for exclusive use by a specific Indian band. Imposed by the government, 2,000+ exist, held in trust by the Crown. Created to exert colonial power, disrupting social networks and kinship systems.

Canadian government's formal acknowledgment on June 11, 2008, for historical injustices of the residential school system. PM Stephen Harper apologized on behalf of the government after the Truth and Reconciliation Commission

focused on residential school abuses, excluding treaty violations, land/resource theft, and systemic racism. Truth and Reconciliation Commission described cultural genocide, including destruction of institutions, land seizure, movement restrictions, language/spiritual practice bans, and family disruptions.

Refers to systematic policies aiming to destroy Indigenous cultural identity and institutions. Includes efforts to eliminate governments, ignore rights, terminate treaties, and erase distinct legal, social, cultural, religious, and racial entities. Residential schools were central to this

Cultural genocide involved destroying political and social institutions, land seizure, movement restriction, language/spiritual practice prohibition, and family disruption. These oppressive measures aimed to prevent the transmission of cultural values from one generation to the next

White Paper proposed ending special legal status and rights for Indigenous peoples; Red Paper emphasized distinct legal and cultural rights, advocating for self-determination and autonom

Proposal by Prime Minister Trudeau's administration to remove special legal status and rights for Indigenous peoples. Recommended eliminating entitlements to lands and services, disbanding the Indian Affairs Department, and transferring jurisdiction to provinces, ending federal responsibility to First Nations

Response to the White Paper, issued by Indigenous chiefs in Alberta. Emphasized distinct legal and cultural rights, advocated for self-determination and autonomy, rejecting integration. Stressed cultural pluralism and self-sufficiency.

Established to address historical issues between the Canadian government and Indigenous people. Recommendations aimed for a new "nation-to-nation" relationship based on mutual recognition, respect, sharing, and responsibility

reasons that drive individuals to leave their home country, such as conflict, poverty, or environmental issues

attractions that draw individuals to a new country, such as economic opportunities or political stability

when individuals choose to move

people are forced to leave their homes due to factors beyond their control, like war or environmental disasters

early immigration to Canada was driven by colonial expansion, with European settlers establishing colonies and trading posts

The arrival of European settlers led to the displacement and marginalization of Indigenous peoples, shaping the demographic and social landscape of the country

Chinese immigrants played a significant role in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the late 19th century, contributing to the economic development of Canada

Canada has a history of discriminatory immigration policies, including the Chinese Head Tax and the Immigration Act of 1910, which aimed to restrict immigration from non-European countries.

In the late 20th century, Canada adopted an official policy of multiculturalism, recognizing and promoting the cultural diversity of its population

Canada has been active in resettling refugees, particularly in response to global conflicts and humanitarian crises, such as the resettlement of Syrian refugees in recent years

Canada's immigration system has evolved to include a points-based system that assesses applicants based on factors such as education, language proficiency, and work experience

Imposed a tax on Chinese immigrants, restricting numbers and family reunification. Repealed in 1947, it had lasting impacts on the Chinese-Canadian community. In 2006, the Canadian government apologized and provided compensation to those affected.

Canadian rule limiting immigration, requiring direct travel from the origin to Canada, particularly affecting the Indian subcontinent. Part of broader measures to control and reduce immigration from specific regions.

Introduced to end discrimination. Assessed immigrants based on language, age, education, and qualities. Assigned points for economic and societal contributions. Increased immigration from diverse regions

Responds to Canada's economic and labor needs. Largest immigrant stream, includes points-based programs. Aims to attract individuals contributing significantly to Canada's economic activity

Based on the human right to family life. Allows Canadian citizens to sponsor family members for permanent residency. Common relationships include spousal or common-law partners and dependent children under 22

Focused on providing refuge to those fleeing persecution, conflict, or humanitarian crises. Encompasses programs for refugees and individuals in need of humanitarian protection

Individuals recognized by UNHCR or a state as having a well-founded fear of persecution. Unable or unwilling to return home, they seek international protection. Often resettled in a third country, like Canada, to rebuild their lives.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

Individuals fleeing home, seeking protection in another country. Not yet recognized as refugees, in the process of seeking asylum. Must prove a well-founded fear of persecution and need international protection. Often in limbo during claim processing.

Canadian program that allows employers to hire foreign workers on a temporary basis to fill labor shortages in certain industries

• exploitation

• poor housing conditions

• difficulty unionizing

• challenges accessing Employment Insurance

• lack of a path to permanent residency

• concerns about brain drain

• potential wage suppression.

Official policy celebrating cultural diversity, encouraging Canadians to maintain heritage within the larger society. Reflected in government, education, and the arts, supporting immigrant and refugee settlement. Praises inclusivity but faces criticism for potential societal fragmentation or erasure of minority cultures.

1. Working Conditions: High-risk environments with crowded living conditions and limited access to PPE(masks and gloves).

2. Job Insecurity: Job loss or reduced hours, leading to financial instability.

3. Healthcare Access: Barriers due to language, lack of insurance, and fear of immigration enforcement.

4. Legal Status: Vulnerability for those with precarious immigration status, fearing reporting unsafe conditions.

5. Mental Health Impact: Increased stress, anxiety, and isolation, especially for those separated from families.

6. Movement Restrictions: Difficulty returning home or accessing support due to border closures.

enhanced healthcare access, PPE, financial assistance, and addressing underlying vulnerabilities for migrant workers

1. Language Barriers: Limited English or French proficiency hindering access to employment, education, and social services.

2. Employment Barriers: Difficulties in finding jobs matching qualifications due to unrecognized credentials, lack of Canadian work experience, and discrimination.

3. Housing Access: Challenges in finding affordable and suitable housing, along with potential discrimination in the housing market.

4. Social Isolation: Feelings of loneliness due to separation from family, support networks, and difficulties in building new social connections.

5. Access to Healthcare: Limited knowledge of the healthcare system, cultural differences, and barriers to health insurance affecting healthcare access.

6. Racism and Discrimination: Encountering racism and discrimination in various aspects of life, including employment, housing, and social interactions.

7. Navigating Complex Systems: Challenges in understanding and navigating Canadian legal, educational, and social systems.

8. Family Separation: Stress and emotional hardship due to separation from family members remaining in home countries.

1. Chronological Markers: Defined by a specific age, like 65 years and older, often used for retirement in many countries.

2. Physiological Markers: Defined by physiological changes, like menopause in women or other age-related health conditions.

3. Socio-Cultural Markers: Defined by socio-cultural factors, including retirement status, societal perceptions, and cultural norms regarding aging and older adulthood.

the stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination against individuals based on their age

Personal beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions shape ageism. Involves internalized negative stereotypes about one's own or others' aging, leading to self-limiting beliefs and behaviors

Seen in interactions, involves discriminatory behaviors like exclusion or disrespect towards older adults. Also manifests in ageist language, jokes, or derogatory comments.

Embedded in societal norms and institutions. Involves practices, policies, and structures perpetuating discrimination against older adults. Seen in media reinforcing negative stereotypes, limited opportunities, and insufficient support systems for aging populations.

consist of the Old Age Security (OAS) and the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), which provide a basic pension and income support for older adults

such as the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Quebec Pension Plan (QPP), are earnings-based programs that provide benefits to retirees who contributed to the system while working

including pensions through employers and personal savings, also contribute to income security

• Emotional/Psychological abuse

• Physical abuse

• Sexual abuse

• Financial abuse/exploitation

• Neglect/abandonment

  These forms of abuse can be perpetrated by spouses, adult children, family members, friends, caregivers, or even strangers

Desire to live independently at home for as long as possible

include lower depression rates, reduced hardships of leaving a familiar place, increased social support, and decreased costs compared to institutional care. Aims to provide necessary health and social support for older adults' independence and well-being

1. Mainstream Housing: Community housing not senior-specific.

2. NORCs (Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities): Mainstream housing in neighborhoods with many senior residents.

3. Independent Living: Seniors-only housing with amenities.

4. Retirement Residences: Private units in communal settings.

5. Supportive Housing/Assisted Living: Seniors housing with on-site services and professional support.

6. Long-Term Care (LTC): Institutional housing for seniors requiring 24-hour support and nursing care.

Encompasses economic aid, addressing lost wages and costs. Social support prevents burnout, offering respite care. Access to information empowers informed choices. Rights awareness ensures knowledge of entitlements. Service access facilitates timely resource availability.

Ongoing progress in technology and public health is anticipated to further extend life spans, emphasizing the necessity for extended income support.

Canada's declining birth rates, falling below what's needed, pose a future challenge. With more older adults and fewer caregivers in the next generation, there's potential strain on caregiving resources.

The baby boomers, born from 1946 to 1966, make up the largest generation and are now entering retirement. This transition increases the need for income supports as more older adults leave the workforce. The growing trend of Canadians working past age 65 also highlights the importance of diverse retirement options.

Rising poverty rates in senior women are tied to labor market disruptions related to gendered care work, the pay gap, and longer life expectancies. Women contribute less to the Canada Pension Plan, get lower benefits, and have fewer private savings, underscoring the impact of the gender income gap on later-life poverty.

Canadian group advocates for a strategy focused on seniors' access, equity, choice, value, and quality. Addresses key issues like income security and aging in place for comprehensive support.

Access: Ensure easy and timely access to essential services for older Canadians, their families, and caregivers.

Equity: Address the socio-cultural circumstances of older individuals, ensuring fair and inclusive support.

Choice: Empower seniors with accurate information, enabling them to make informed choices about their needs.

Value: Prioritize efficient spending, aiming for the best value in resource allocation.

Quality: Emphasize the centrality of quality in all aspects of strategy development, ensuring the highest standard of services.

the World Health Organization's model involving impairment and activity limitation

1. Employment Barriers: Include the "glass ceiling effect," language and education struggles, and challenges in accessing services and jobs.

2. Social and Structural Barriers: Encompass stigma, discrimination, and sanism, leading to social avoidance, stereotyping, discrimination, and even violence.

3. Legal and Institutional Barriers: Stem from limitations in legislation, as seen in the scope of acts like the Ontario Disabilities Act.

4. Physical and Environmental Barriers: Involve challenges in the built environment, public spaces, transportation, and information technologies.

- Approximately 6.2 million Canadians (one in five individuals) have disabilities limiting daily activities.

- Prevalence increases with age, and over 13% of youth (more than half a million) experience disabilities.

- Many individuals have multiple disabilities: 29% one, 38% two or three, and 33% four or more.

- Youth with disabilities face higher risks of being neither in school nor employed, escalating with disability severity.

- Individuals with severe disabilities are notably less likely to be employed, with only 31% employed.

Mental health and learning-related disabilities are most prevalent, Significantly contribute to the risk of not being in school or employed.

Disabilities affecting mobility, vision, and hearing are prevalent.

Disabilities related to mobility, agility, arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases are common.

Views disability as a medical condition, Focuses on individual impairments and Emphasizes adapting individuals to societal norms.

Seeks to fix society for better inclusion, Considers disability a human rights issue, Addresses social and political inequalities

Integrates Medical and Socio-political Models, Focuses on individual impairments and social issues, Addresses disability at both micro and macro levels

Integrates medical and human rights perspectives, Emphasizes interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors, and addresses disability at both individual and societal levels.

Each disability model offers a distinct approach, from medical interventions (Medical Model) to social inclusion and human rights (Socio-political Models), with combinations in the Structural and Biopsychosocial Models. They provide unique perspectives to understand and address disability.

a major barrier to full and equitable participation, it contributes to systemic marginalization of people with disabilities

portrays individuals with disabilities as burdens, fueling widespread social avoidance, stereotyping, and discrimination, sustaining a cycle of marginalization and exclusion

Discusses ableism, particularly sanism directed at those with psychological conditions

specific form of ableism, which is directed at individuals with psychological conditions or perceived mental differences.

seeks to reclaim language and create distinct cultures to construct disability as a source of pride

Pre-20th century viewed disabilities as personal or familial failings, limited opportunities and social isolation for individuals with disabilities

- Post-World War II shift to medical and rehabilitative models.

- Emergence of community-based rehabilitation programs.

Shift from institutional care to advocating for equal rights and opportunities began to gain momentum

Charter of Rights and Freedoms introduced, emphasizing rights and inclusivity for individuals with disabilities

Focus on inclusive education and community integration influenced by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Introduction of accessibility laws alongside the Independent Living Movement promoting self-direction

Purpose: Identifying and removing accessibility barriers.

Scope: Built environments, public spaces, employment, technologies, procurement, program delivery, transportation.

Limitations: Lack of clear timelines, exemptions, covers federal jurisdiction only