Junior 22-23; Honors US History CHPT 14: Moving West

they came from Germany,Scandinavia,Ireland,Italy,Jewish,Chinese,Mexican, and African American

They were fleeing the violence & exploitation that followed

The events & conditions that drove americans & immigrants west

gave state governments millions of acres

states sold the western land cheaply to them & sold it to settlers for profit

Sold Pubic land very cheaply & created more than 372000 farms

African-Americans that left the south to go west after the civil war seeking freedom from oppression

They were able to travel faster & hunt more efficiently. It suited their nomadic lifestyle

The settlers felt that they had a right to the land & resources & would try to take said resources from the natives

through assimilation & the destruction of the buffalo population, the Indian way of life began to disappear

the government forced Indians to adopt the American culture

The land was unsuitable for farming

place where the government put defeated indians

Civil war, changes in demographics & technology

animals eating crops, buffalo, Indians

plow, harrows, automatic drill, steam powerd thershere

mass movement of cattle

process where the authority of a country controls the supply

U.S treasury bought silver & put it into circulation

Federal law designed to regulated the monopolistic railroad industry

criticized the gold standard

Land, the gold and silver rush, more space, farming

Different parts of the frontier shifted at different time

1. The Civil War had displaced thousands of farmers, former slaves, and other workers.

2. Eastern farmland was too costly.

3. Failed entrepreneurs sought a second chance in a new locations.

4. Ethnic and religious repression caused people to seek the freedom of the west.

5. Outlaws sought refuge.

1. The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864

2. Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862

3. Land speculators

4. Homestead Act, 1862

5. Legally enforceable property rights

Lutheran religion with its emphasis on hard work and education

Lutherans from Scandinavia settled the northern plains from Iowa to Minnesota to the Dakotas, many pursuing dairy farming.

Irish, Italians, European Jews, and Chinese settled in concentrated communities on the Western coast. They took jobs in mining and railroad construction that brought them to the American interior.

violence and exploitation

led groups of southern blacks on a mass “Exodus,” a trek inspired by the biblical account of the Israelites’ flight from Egypt to a prophesied homeland. Hence

50,000 or more

It destroyed Indian tribes and put them in reservations

The faced resignation, fatigue, and heartbreak

brought upheaval. Warfare among Indian nations rose to new intensity when waged on horseback.

nomads

a decline in village life

continued to inhabit their traditional lands.

Settlers felt justified in taking the land because they would use it more productively.

Native Americans viewed them as invaders.

restrict movement of Native Americans by restricting them to reservations, federal lands set aside for them.

Many settlers disregarded the negotiations entirely and stole land, killed buffalo, diverted water supplies, and attacked Indian camps.

Carson kills or relocates many Apache to reservations. Clashes drag on until Geronimo's surrender in 1886. Navajo told to surrender, but before they can, Carson attacks, killing hundreds, destroying homelands. Navajos moved to New Mexico reservation in 1865

Cheyenne massacres prompt Chivington to kill up to 500 surrendered Cheyenne and Arapaho led by Black Kettle

Southern plains indians relocated to Oklahoma Indian Territory under 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge. After buffalo hunters destroy the Indians' food supply, Comanche warriors race to buffalo grazing areas in Texas panhandle to kill hunters. Sherman and Sheridan defeat warriors and open panhandle to cattle ranching

U.S tries to buy gold-rich Black Hills from Sioux. Talks fail. Custer's 7th Cavalry is sent to round up Sioux, but meets huge enemy force. Custer and some 200 men perish in "Cluster's Last Stand."

Howard orders Nez Perce to Idaho reservation; violence erupts. Joseph leads some 700 men, women, and children on 1400-mile flight. His 200 warriors hold of Miles's 2000 soliders until halted 40 miles short of Canada. Sent to Indian Territory, many die of disease. In 1865, survivors moved to reservation in Washington Territory

Ghost Dance raises fears of Sioux uprising; Sitting bull killed in attempted arrest. His followers surrender and camp at Wounded Knee. Shots are fired, some 200 Sioux die

Many people believed that Native Americans needed to give up their traditions and culture, learn English, become Christians, adopt white dress and customs, and support themselves by farming and trades.

divided reservation land into individual plots. Each family headed by a man received 160 acres.

some two thirds of this land became white owned.

squatters overran the land, and Congress agreed to buy out the Indian claims to the region.

tens of thousands of homesteaders lined up at the territory’s borders to stake claims on the land.

almost 2 million

created Oklahoma Territory in 1890. In the following years, the remainder of Indian Territory was open to settlement.

People who found gold spread the word, along with the popularization of placer mining

The civil war, changes in demographics & technology

Very difficult, illness & injury were very common

By ripping up the tough grass

Miners shoveled loose dirt into boxes and then ran water over the dirt to separate it from the gold or silver particles.

Longhorn Cattle

cookbooks snubbed pork as “unwholesome” and the nation went on a beef binge.

the invention of refrigerated railroad cars.

became the first “cow town,”

a town built specifically for receiving cattle.

one of several trails that linked grazing land in Texas with cow towns to the north.

The men were up at 3:30 in the morning and were in the saddle up to 18 hours a day. They had to be constantly alert in case of a stampede.

being dragged by a horse. Diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, fevers, and infection also killed many cowboys.

built either a dugout or a soddie for homes

was a structure with the walls and roof made from strips of grass with the thick roots and earth attached.

Reduced labor force needed for harvest. Allows farmers to maintain larger farms

Keeps cattle from tramping crops and uses a minimal amount of lumber, which was scarce on the plains

allows cultivation of arid land by using drought-resistant crops and various techniques to minimize evaporation

allows farmers to cut through dense, root-choked sod

smoothes and levels ground for planting

powers irrigation systems & pumps up ground water

cross-breeding of crop plants, which allows greater yields & uniformity

Keeps cattle from tramping crops and uses a minimal amount of lumber, which was scarce on the plains

farms controlled by large businesses, managed by professionals, raised massive quantities of a single cash crop

by the 1880's, the frontier had many churches and a variety of social groups. Major theatrical productions toured growing western cities. The East had come West

By 1890, the US Census Bureau announced the official end of the frontier. The population in the west had become dense, and the days of free western land had come to an end

in 1893, Historian Frederick Jackson Turner claimed that the frontier had played a key role in forming the American character. The Turner Thesis, as his view came to be called, stated that frontier life created Americans who were socially mobile, ready for adventure, bent in individual self-improvement, and committed to democracy

The Wild West remains fixed in popular culture and continues to influence how Americans think about themselves. Many stereotypes and frontier myths persist today despite our deeper understanding of the history of the American West.

array of multiple drills used to carve small trenches in the ground and feed seed into the soil

farmers claimed that farm prices were falling and, as a consequence, so were their incomes.

fragmented political parties had difficulty rallying support for controversial proposals among their members in various regions of the country.

They demanded an increase in the circulating currency a graduated income tax, government ownership of the railroads, a tariff for revenue only, the direct election of U.S. senators, and other measures designed to strengthen political democracy and give farmers

He criticized the gold standard, concluding the speech, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold".

message that the downtrodden could organize and have political impact, & an agenda of reforms which would be enacted in the 20th century

Tariffs helped farmers by protecting them against competition from farm imports. But, they also hurt farmers because they raised the prices of manufactured goods. Such as farm machinery. and kept foreigners from earning US money with which to buy American crops

Farmers wanted an increase in the money supply. This trend would benefit people who borrow money (farmers) but it wouldnt be good for moneylenders (banks)

before 1873 US currency was on a bimetallic standard consisting of gold silver. Then Congress put the currency on a gold standard which decreased the money supply. "Gold Blugs" (big lenders) were pleased

he opposed the inflation that it would cause

called for free silver, the unlimited coining of silver dollars to increase the money supply. Enraged by the gold standard

1. Increased the amount of silver that the government was required to purchase every month

2. The law required the Treasury to buy the silver with notes that could be redeemed for either silver or gold.

3. Many people turned in their silver Treasury notes for gold dollars, thus depleting the gold reserves.

4. In 1893, President Cleveland repealed the Silver Purchase Act.

Organized in 1867 in response to farmers' isolation. It helped farmers form cooperatives which bought goods in large quantities at lower prices. The Grange also pressured government to regulate businesses on which farmers depended

Another powerful political group, called actions that many farmers could support. The alliances won support for women's rights. The African Americans worked through a separate put parallel "Colored Farmers' Alliance"

in 1887 President Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act. It regulated prices that railroads charged to move freight between states. It also set up the interstate Commerce Commission to enforce laws

Peoples' Party or the Populists

1. An increased circulation of money

2. Unlimited minting of silver

3. A progressive income tax which would put a greater financial burden on the wealthy industrialists and a lesser one on farmers.

4. Government-owned communications and transportation systems

5. An eight-hour work day

6. they sought to work with Black & White farmers

• Push factors “push” people away from their home and include things like war. Pull factors “pull” people to a new home and include things like better opportunities