Crisis of the 17th Century

Crisis of the 17th Century

-Provoked by the Protestant Reformation and the Age of Religious Wars, this consisted of an intellectual crisis, an economic crisis, perpetual rebellion, demographic changes, and a political crisis.

Sovereignty

-Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Popular Revolts (17th Century)

-due to increased pressures of taxation and warfare uprisings and rebellions by peasants in the countryside

Henry IV

(1589-1610) - Formerly Henry of Navarre, survived St. Bartholomew Day and ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. ,

Cardinal Richelieu

-Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Divine Right of Kings

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

"one king, one law, one faith"

-This was the slogan during Louis XIV's reign; L14 believed in being the absolute ruler and controlling everything, like France's religion.

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Louis XIV's wars

the desire for an increase in royal power and military glory led to these; 4 wars between 1667 and 1713 (vs. Triple Alliance,vs. United Provinces, vs. HRE/League of Augsburg,War of Span. Succession); left France impoverished and surrounded by enemies

War of Spanish Succession

-a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.

Peace of Utrecht (Balance of Power)

A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire.

Reasons for the Decline of Spain

-1550-1660

Quinto

one-fifth of all precious metals mined in South America was claimed by the Spanish crown. Gold and silver yielded the Spanish monarchy 25 percent of its total income.

Peter Paul Rubens

is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings

Johann Sabastian Bach

Organist and choirmaster of several Lutheran churches across Germany

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Constitutionalism

The set of arrangements, including checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, rule of law, due process, and a bill of rights, that requires our leaders to listen, think, bargain, and explain before they act or make laws. We then hold them politically and legally accountable for how they exercise their powers.

Divine Right of Kings (in the English C.W)

James I believes that the authority of kings comes directly from God

James I (of England)

-The son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, he succeeded the childless Elizabeth as James I of England. He was not popular and was an outsider. He inherited a large royal debt and a divided church.

Charles I (of England)

-English King during the English Civil War is executed by Oliver Cromwell

Puritans (England)

Doctrine: Calvinist/reformed

English Civil War

-civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate

Puritan leader of the roundheads in the English Civil War. He developed the New Model Army. Declared England a Commonwealth after the defeat of the king, King Charles I, but replaced it with the Protectorate. The Protectorate placed England under military rule. He made himself the Lord Protector.

Restoration of 1660

The return of the Stuart monarchy after the Commonwealth of Oliver Cromwell, with the assumption that the monarch would respect Parliamentary sovereignty, which did not occur.

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

James II

-This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

William and Mary

-King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

John Locke's Second Treatise of Civil Gov't

It was a defense of the Glorious Revolution. Locke maintained that government was a contract between the ruled and the ruler for the protection of life, liberty, and property.

Dutch Republic' Government and Golden Age

-The Dutch system of government rested on assemblies of wealthy merchants in each of the seven provinces called "Estates."

Serfdom in the East after 1400's

Poland 1574- Gave nobles complete control over the peasants

Hereditary Subjugation

where serfs were bound to their lords from one generation to the next as well as to the land, this occurred in Prussia around 1653 when the peasants rights were very limited, and the lords had most of the power.

Thirty Years War

-Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of Westphalia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Bohemian Phase

-The first phase of the Thirty Years' War which culminated in the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain.

Danish Phase

-The second phase of the Thirty Years' War in which the Catholic imperial army led by Albert of Wallenstein won a series of major victories against the Protestants.

Swedish Phase

The third phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by Sweden's entrance into the war under King Gustavus Adolphus; during this phase, the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts.

Gustavus Adolphus

-(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles.

French Phase

-Fourth phase of the Thirty Years' War (1635-48), in which Cardinal Richelieu declared war on the Hapsburg-ruled Spain.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Austrian Habsburgs (After Peace of Westphalia)

-Ferdinand of Austria was given the German part of Charles V's land, creating this family, which was Catholic, and tried to regain much of their power during the 30 Years War.

Battle of White Mountain's effect on Bohemia

-Great Catholic victory in the Bohemian phase which dealt a crushing blow to Fredrick V's power.

Pragmatic Sanction

-This was the act passed by Charles VI in 1713 that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter (Maria Theresa)to be ruler

Frederick William (The Great Elector)

-Austrian ruler who started absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler.

"Sand-box of the Holy Roman Empire"

Brandenburg was the area around Berlin and the elector's power base was a land-locked combination of sand and swamp that lacked defensible natural frontiers. It was called Contemporaries contemptuously.

Frederick William I

-Prussian king responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization

Prussia's military

King Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740) encouraged Prussian militarism and created the most efficient army in Europe.

Mongol Yoke

-the name for the Mongolian rule over eastern Slavs for more than two hundred years.

Tsar

-The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word Caesar.

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Ivan IV

-the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar

Peter I

-Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models.

Reforms of Peter I

offered better pay for peasants who served for life as professional soldiers, forcing his subjects to adopt western European fashions, building the city of St. Petersburg to serve as a base of naval operations

St. Petersburg

-capital city and major port that Peter the Great established in 1703

Sultan

Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country

Millet System

-Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.

Suleiman the Magnificent

-The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.