Chem test 1

For mass, it’s grams. For volume, it’s liters. For length, it’s meters. And for temperature, it’s Celsius.

Grams are found with a digital scale or triple beam balance, Liters are found with with a graduated cylinder, Meters are found with a meter stick, and temperature is found with a thermometer.

anything that has mass and takes up space

Light, heat, kinetic and potential energy, and sound are non-matter because they are massless. Objects that have mass and are matter may emit energy. For example, a swinging pendulum consists of matter, but its energy of motion is not matter. This is why most things on earth are matter because they emit energy.

the amount of “stuff” an object has in it.

the amount of space an object takes up

The relationship between mass and volume.

density equals mass divided by volume.

To find the density of a cube or any other regular shape

Step 1- Length X Width X Height

Step 2- Find the mass on a digital scale or triple beam balance

Step 3- Calculate Mass divided by volume.

To find the volume of an irregular shape you must use the water displacement method developed by Archimedes.

Take a graduated cylinder and measure the volume.

Put your object into the cylinder. The water level will go up. Calculate the new volume.

The volume of your object is the first reading (before you put in the object) minus the second reading (when you put the object in)

the bottom of where the water is in the cylinder, giving you your reading.

the density of pure water is just one.

with a density of less than 1, which can be found with a digital scale.

with a density of more than one, which can be found with a digital scale.

Buoyant Force- Also devised by Archimedes. The idea that an object has a force pushing up and making it float that is equal to the weight of the water it displaces.

The greater the volume= the greater the buoyant force.

solid, liquid, gas, plasma

Solid- Definite shape, definite volume- particles packed tight and not moving much

Liquid- Indefinite shape, indefinite volume- particles are looser and moving more than solid

Gas- Indefinite shape, indefinite volume- particles are very loose, spreading apart and the particles are moving a lot

Plasma- Indefinite shape and indefinite volume- particles are very loose and spread out. plasma is much hotter than gas, which is why we do not group them together.

by adding or subtracting heat from the object.

when a substance has the properties of a solid and a liquid at the same time.

The atoms of most substances expand when they are heated and contract when they are made colder. Water is an exception. Water actually expands when it's made colder— Ice expands.

the transition of a substance directly from a solid state to a gas state.

Melting is the process of changing a substance from a solid state to a liquid state due to an increase in temperature. This occurs when the substance's particles gain enough energy to overcome the forces holding them in a fixed arrangement.

Freezing is the process in which a substance changes from its liquid state to a solid state due to a decrease in temperature. It occurs when the molecules of a substance slow down and arrange themselves in a more ordered pattern, forming a solid structure. The freezing point is the temperature at which this phase transition occurs.

a process that turns something from a liquid state to vapor, a gas state. It causes the particles to move more freely and more out of control, which is how the liquid seemingly disappears.

Condensation is the process by which a gas or vapor changes into a liquid state. It occurs when the temperature of the gas or vapor decreases, causing the particles to slow down and come closer together, forming liquid droplets. This process is commonly observed when warm air cools down and forms water droplets on a cold surface, such as dew on grass or fog on a mirror.

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, where at least one of them is a metal. It is created by combining the elements through melting, mixing, and solidifying. Alloys often have enhanced properties compared to pure metals, such as increased strength, durability, or resistance to corrosion. Examples of alloys include bronze (copper and tin), steel (iron and carbon), and brass (copper and zinc).

The first alloy created was bronze a mixture of copper and zinc, from the late Neolithic period.

Aristotle believes that everything is made of earth, air, fire and water. These elements are defined by their possession of one of each of the two fundamental pairs of opposites, hot/cold and wet/dry.

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. It is composed of atoms with the same number of protons in their nuclei. Elements are represented by symbols on the periodic table, such as hydrogen (H) or oxygen (O). Each element has unique properties and characteristics.

The alchemists, who devoted untold grueling hours to transmute metals into gold, believed that in addition to the four Aristotelian elements, two principles gave rise to all natural substances: mercury and sulfur. The progenitor of this theory was the Arabian alchemist Geber.

Marie Curie is remembered for her discovery of radium and polonium, and her huge contribution to finding treatments for cancer.

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was a chemist who is known as the father of chemistry. He established the law of conservation of mass, determined that combustion and respiration are caused by chemical reactions with what he named “oxygen,”.

the person who discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa—the famous Boyle's law.

Dmitri Ivanovic Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is best known for formulating the Periodic Law and creating a version of the periodic table of elements.

Albert Einstein is best known for his equation E = mc2, which states that energy and mass (matter) are the same thing, just in different forms.