The hypothalamus releases…
hypothalamic releasing hormone and hypothalamic non-releasing hormone
The anterior pituitary gland releases…
Prolactin (PRO)
Growth hormone (GH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
the posterior pituitary gland releases…
Antidiurectic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin
The thyroid gland releases…
Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin
The parathyroid gland releases…
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
The thymus gland releases…
Thymosin
The pineal gland releases…
Melatonin
The pancrease releases…
Glucagon (alpha) and insulin (beta)
The adrenal medulla (part of adrenal gland) releases…
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight/fight)
The adrenal cortex (part of adrenal gland) releases…
Minealocorticoids
eg. Aldosterone
Glucocorticoids
eg Cortisone and Cortisol
Sex Hormones
eg Estrogen (f) and androgen (m)
the gonads are … and release…
Ovaries release progesterone and estrogen (f)
Testes release androgen and sperm (testosterone) (m)
Adipose tissue (fat) releases
Leptin and prostaglandins
The kidneys release…
Erythropoietin
Prolactin function
stimulates growth of mammary gland and milk production in a nursing mother
Growth hormone function
help with growth of muscle and bone
Thyroid stimulating hormone function
aids the release of T4 and T3 from the thyroid gland
Follicle stimulating hormone function
aids in production of estrogen and eggs
Luteinizing hormone function
helps regulate ovulation in females and testosterone levels in males
Antidiuretic hormone function
acts on the kidney and decreases urine output
Oxytocin function
aids in the release of milk from breasts, and acts on the uterus, causing uterine contractions
Adrenocorticotropic hormone function
aids the release of steroid hormones form the adrenal cortex
T4 and T3 hormone functions
control energy metabolism and heat production
Thymosin function
aids in the production of white blood cells called T leukocytes or T cells
Calcitonin function
aids in decreasing calcium levels in the blood
Melatonin function
causes feeling of sleepiness, at highest level during the night
epinephrine and norepinephrine function
create an adrenaline rush
Aldosterone function (mineralcorticoid)
stimulates the sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and helps regulate blood pressure and plasma levels
Cortisol and Cortisone (gluccocorticoids)
help to promote glucogenesis (fat/amino-acid → glucose)
Insulin (beta)
decrease blood sugar levels
Glucagon
increase blood sugar levels
Androgen (sex hormone)
maintains sexual characteristics
Estrogen (sex hormone)
aids the development of the female reproductive glands and secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
responsible for sperm production, development of the male reproductive system, and secondary sex changes within puberty
Prostaglandins
regulate the smooth muscle cells that line the blood vessels and respiratory passages, stimulate muscle of the uterus, and activate inflammatory response
Leptin
suppresses appetite and increases energy production
Erythropoietin
stimulates red blood cell production
Estrogen AND Progesterone
regulate the menstrual cycle and promote breast development
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium levels
List the major endocrine glands and organs
Anterior Pituitary (Gland), Posterior Pituitary (Gland), Pancreas, Ovaries (female), Testes (male), Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, Thyroid gland, Thymus gland, Adrenal gland
Acromegaly
anterior pituitary hypersecretes growth hormone, causing an increase in overall body size
Dwarfism
anterior pituitary gland hyposecretes growth hormone, resulting in adult height of four feet or less
Diabetes Insipidus
hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland, causing the kidney to increase urine production
Hyperthyroidism
an overactive thyroid
Goiter
enlarged thyroid caused by insufficient amounts of iodine of a thyroid disorder
Graves Disease
an autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland and outward bulging of eyes
Hypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid, caused by thyroiditis
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid
Myxedema
causes weight gain; a swollen, puffy face; low body temp; dry skin; and decreased mental acuity
Neonatal hypothyroidism
occurs in infants and children; may develop congenitally of after birth
Hypercalcemia
a disorder of the parathyroid gland, hypersecretion of PTH, causing increased blood calcium levels and increased calcium reabsorption by the kidneys
Hypocalcemia
disorder of the parathyroid gland, low blood calcium levels, leads to unstable nerve and muscle membranes. Causes tetany
tetany
sustained muscular contraction
Pheochromocytoma
adrenal medulla disorder, hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine which causes high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, weight loss, nervousness, and sleep disturbances
Cushing Syndrome (adrenal cortex)
hypersecretion of cortisol; causes weight gain, high blood glucose levels, hypertension, and osteoporosis
Addison’s disease (adrenal cortex)
hyposecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones; causes muscle atrophy, a bronze skin tone, low blood pressure, kidney damage, hypoglycemia, severe loss of fluids/electrolytes, and a general feeling of weakness
Diabetes mellitus
a condition where the pancreas is unable to produce sufficient amounts of insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. Symptoms include polyuria (urination), polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (hunger)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
juvenile-onset
Type 2 diabetes melllitus
adult-onset, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and peripheral neuropathy
insulin resistance
pancreas secretes insulin, but body’s insulin receptors are down-regulated, causing elevated blood glucose levels
Hyperglycemia
elevated blood glucose levels
Peripheral Neuropathy
Degenerative state of peripheral nerves marked by muscle weakness and atrophy, pain, and numbness
Which two hormones are direct?
Prolactin and growth hormone
How is the adrenal gland divided?
Into the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
What class of hormone does the adrenal cortex produce
steroid hormones
What class of hormone does the adrenal medulla produce
amino-acid hormones
Where are alpha and beta cells found?
in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
What is produced within the islets of Langerhans?
Insulin and glucagon
What is the normal range for blood glucose levels?
70 - 105 mg/dL
List the Hormones under neural control
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
List Hormones under hormonal control
Hypothalamic releasing, hypothalamic non-releasing
List hormones under humoral control
insulin, glucagon
Thymus location
under the sternum, anterior to the heart
Pancreas location
posterior to the stomach in the abdominal cavity
Adrenal gland location
sit on top of (are superior to) the kidneys
Pineal gland location
in the brain and is pinecone-shaped
Thyroid gland location
below (inferior to) the larynx (or adam’s apple), at the base of the throat)
Parathyroid gland location
(4 glands, 2 pairs) are located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
Pituitary gland location
in the depression of the sphenoid bone and suspended from the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
Hypothalamus location
in the diencephalon in the brain
Testes (males) location
outside of the body and encased by the scrotum (a sac outside the body)
Ovaries (females) location
inside the female pelvic cavity
Kidneys location
on the backside of the abdominal cavity under the lower ribs
Adipose tissue location
distributed throughout the body (under the skin, between organs, etc)
Neural control
nerve fibers stimulate endocrine gland organs to release hormones
Hormonal control
endocrine organs are stimulated by hormones from other endocrine glands; starting with the hypothalamus
Humoral control
levels of various substances in body fluids are monitored for homeostatic imbalance
What gland is only found in children?
thymus gland, it shrinks during puberty
What’s a tropic hormone?
one that does not act directly on a gland, but stimulates other endocrine glands
List the tropic hormones
ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
target gland/organ of prolactin
mammary gland
target gland/organ of antidiuretic hormone
kidneys
target gland/organ of oxytocin
mammary glands, uterus
target gland/organ of Luteinizing hormone
ovaries/testes
target gland/organ of Growth hormone
all tissues
target gland/organ of thyroid-stimulating hormone
thyroid
TSH is also known as… thyrotropin
thyrotropin
target gland/organ of FSH
ovaries/testes
target gland/organ of melatonin
various tissues
target gland/organ of parathyroid hormone
bone, kidneys, intestines
target gland/organ of calcitonin
bone, kidneys, intestines